Sentence connectors/ linkers

 Sentence connector বা Sentence linkers -এর ওপর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু নিয়ম বিশদভাবে বর্ণনা করা হলো। পর্যাপ্ত অনুশীলনের মাধ্যমেই এক্ষেত্রে ভালো করা সম্ভব।

যেসব word বা phrase. linkers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় সেগুলো হলো :
1. Sub-ordinating conjunction : that, so that, in order that, it, whether, though, althouh, since, as, in order to etc.
2. Co-ordinating conjunction : and, but, or, therefore, as well as, as soon as, both, and, yet, still, either..or, neither.. nor, so, otherwise, while, whereas, not only...but also, both...and, so...that, no sooner... that etc.
Rule-1: কোনো বর্ণনার ধারাবাহিকতা বা ঘটনাক্রম বোঝাতে সাধারণত যেসব Linkers ব্যবহৃত হয়-
* At first , firstly, in the first place, at the beginning...
* Secondly, thrid, thirdly,... finally.
* At last, lastly, in the end, to conclude...finally.
* next, after that, then, afterword... ইত্যাদি
Example : If you want to do well in the examination, you have to certain things. At first you have to read attentively. secondly you have to memorize some important answers to question. Thirdly you have to write them after memorising finally you have to revise them frequently.
Rule-2 : সাদৃশ্য বা মিল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত Linkers- similarly, in the same way, in the same manner ইত্যাদি

Rul-3 : বৈসাদৃশ্য বা অমিল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত linkers-on the contrary, on the other hand, instead of, in lieu of ইত্যাদি।
Rul-4 : কোনো বক্তব্যের অতিরিক্ত কিছু বা বাড়তি কিছু বলতে ব্যবহৃত linkers-in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides ইত্যাদি।
Example : The paragraph and essays are different from each other. Besides there are some similarities between thaem. firstly the paragraph has a topic sentence to introduce the main idea. Secondly it has a number of sentences in the middle of develop that idea. Finally there is a concluding sentence in it to bring the main idea to a close. Similarly the essay also consists of a beginning, a middle and an end. It is therefore, obvious that the paragraph and the essay share some common features.
Ruls-5 : যা স্বাভাবিক হওয়া উচিত, তা না বুঝিয়ে অন্যকিছু বোঝালে বা বিপরীত বোঝালে ব্যবহৃত Linkers-Though, although, but inspite of, despite, nevertheless ইত্যাদি।
* Rohan worked very hard. Nevertheless (তা সত্ত্বেও) he could not prosper in life.
Though he is poor, he is honest.
Rule-6 : কোনো বর্ণনায় উদাহরণ দিতে হলে সাধারণত নিম্নোক্ত Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহৃত হয়।
For example, for instance, such as, as for example etc.

* There are many kinds of birds in our country. Such as the dove, the magpic, the crow, the sparrow etc.
Rule-7 : কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনার ফলশ্রুতি বা ফলাফল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত Linkers -consequently, hence, therefore, as a result, etc.
* Sumaiya is a hard working girl. She was very much attentive to studies and worked very hard. As a result, she cut a good figure in her SSC exam.
(বাকি অংশ পরবর্তী সংখ্যায়)
Rule-8 : কোনো বিষয়ের বর্ণনায় সমাপ্তিতে বা উপসংহারে অথবা সংক্ষেপে প্রকাশ করতে কিছু Sentence connectors- in conclusion, to conclude, in fine, in brief, in short, to sum up etc.
To conclude, I want to say that every man should take care of his health.
Rule-9 : Pronoun-গুলো Sentence linkers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়- ব্যক্তি বোঝাতে Who, whose, whom; বস্তু অর্থে that, what; সময় বুঝাতে when এবং স্থান বুঝাতে Where ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Rule-9 : Pronoun-গুলো Sentence linkers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়- ব্যক্তি বোঝাতে Who, whose, whom; বস্তু অর্থে that, what; সময় বুঝাতে when এবং স্থান বুঝাতে Where ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Rule-10 : এছাড়া কারণ বুঝাতে As/since ব্যবহৃত হয়। উপরোল্লেখিত Linkers ছাড়াও আরও কিছু Linking words আছে যা শুধু অনুশীলন করার মাধ্যমেই আয়ত্বে আনা সম্ভব।
নিচে কয়েকটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Linking words- এর ব্যবহার প্রদান করা হলো:
1.
as though but where but after than so that

The plants grow well on hillsides (a) —-the rainfall is abundant (b) —-water does not stand. The seedlings are transplanted over vast areas in rows in short intervals. (c) —- a certain stage in its growth twigs are carefully severed (d)—- it can’t be high more (e) —- three or five feet.

2. if but although which even at last at first:

Dengue fever is a serious disease (a)—-is caused by a kind of virus called `Dengue virus; (b)— this virus was identified in Africa (c) —- now it has spread all over the world. (d)—- in most cases dengue fever has its remedy, it is better to prevent it. (e)—- we keep our dwelling places clean, we can easily avoid this disease.

3. so as hence therefore but that who:

 Fortune has often been blamed for blindness. (a)- fortune is not (b)—- blind (c) —- men are. Those (d)—- look into a particular life will find (e) —- fortune is usually in the side of the industrious.

4. that besides if and so both because:

Teaching is such a profession (a)— helps to build a nation. A teacher is (b) —- a guide (c) —- a pioneer. He has to dedicate-to this noble profession in order to guide the nation (d) —- he is called an architect of a new society (e) —- he neglects his duties, social discipline will break down.
5. if andalong withthoughsinceso than
Computer virus is terror to the users of computers. (a) —- it is not biological virus, it disturbs the plain operation of a computer. computer virus is us usually a programme to delete the files which are saved (b) —- useful memories. Sometimes the virus attacks the harddisk (c) —- harms it, (d) —- things happen, (e)—- no operation is possible after the attack.
linking words
Answer sheet :
1. (a) where (b) but
(c) after (d) sothat (e) than
2. (a) Which (b) At first
(c) but (d) Although (e) If
3. (a) But (b) so
(c) as (d) who (e) that
4. (a) that (b) both
(c) and (d) so (e) If
5. (a) though (b) along with
(c) and (d) If (e) so