Clause
đClause āĻাāĻে āĻŦāĻ˛ে? Clause āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ° āĻ āĻী āĻী?
Clause āĻšāĻ্āĻে āĻিāĻু āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻি āĻ¯েāĻাāĻ¨ে āĻāĻāĻি subject āĻ āĻāĻāĻি finite verb (āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻĒিāĻা āĻ্āĻ°িā§া) āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ্āĻ¯ āĻŦা āĻāĻš্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§ āĻĨাāĻে।(Phrase āĻ finite verb āĻĨাāĻেāĻ¨া)।
Clause ā§Š āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ°।
ā§§) Principal Clause or Independent Clause :
āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļ āĻ¯া āĻ¨িāĻেāĻ āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻাāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨাā§ āĻ¯ে Clause āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻোāĻ¨ Clause āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻāĻ°āĻļীāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤াāĻে Principal Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻি Principal Clause āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻি Simple Sentence. āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° Clause āĻ¸āĻŽূāĻšāĻে Compound Sentence āĻŦা Complex Sentence āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¨িāĻেāĻ Simple Sentence āĻāĻ āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¨িāĻেāĻ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯েāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻাāĻŦে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।
āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ- I know the man who helped you. āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে I know the man āĻšāĻ্āĻে Principal Clause āĻāĻে āĻāĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻāĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻাāĻŦে āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।
(ā§¨) Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause:
āĻāĻি āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļ āĻ¯া āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯ Clause āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻāĻ°āĻļীāĻ˛।Complex Sentence āĻāĻ āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ¯ে āĻāĻ āĻŦা āĻāĻাāĻ§িāĻ Clause, Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¸েāĻা Subordinate Clause. āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ Subordinate Clause āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻāĻ°āĻļীāĻ˛।
āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ- The boy came here when he was ten.
When he was ten āĻšāĻ্āĻে Subordinate Clause āĻāĻাāĻে Simple Sentence āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻাā§া āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨া āĻāĻŦং āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨া।
Subordinators: Complex Sentence āĻāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে āĻ¯ে word āĻĨাāĻে āĻ¸েāĻুāĻ˛োāĻে subordinator āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ after, although, as, because, before, for, how, if, in case, in order that, lest, once, since, that, though, till, unless, untill, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whereupon, which, while, whilst, who, whoever, whom, whose.
Subordinate Clause ā§Š āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ°।
a) Noun Clause: āĻ¯েāĻ¸āĻŦ Subordinate Clause, complex sentence āĻāĻ° āĻিāĻ¤āĻ° noun āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে noun clause āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ- We do not know when she will arrive.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨- āĻāĻŽāĻ°া āĻি āĻাāĻ¨িāĻ¨া? āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻŦে- āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ে āĻĒৌāĻাāĻŦে?
Noun Clause āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ who, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, that, whether, if āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšā§।
That he can speak English was mistry to me.
It is incredible how fast he can run.
I think that he is an honest man.
She took what he needed.
I am not satisfied with what he gives me.
I am not sure what he has done.
b) Adjective Clause or relative Clause: āĻ¯েāĻ¸āĻŦ Subordinate clause āĻোāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻি Sentence āĻে āĻিংāĻŦা Principal Clause āĻāĻ° āĻোāĻ¨ Noun āĻŦা Pronoun āĻে qualify āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে Adjective Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ-
The boy who came here is my friend. āĻāĻি noun āĻে qualify āĻāĻ°āĻে।
He walks in the morning, which is good for health.
Tell me the place where he lives.
I know the way how he did it.
Something which was bright like a star was moving across the sky.
The gallery which holds only five hundred people was crowded.
That is the man whose wife is an actress.
This is the boy who broke one of the windows.
Noun clause āĻ antecedent āĻĨাāĻে āĻ¨া āĻāĻ° Adjective clause āĻ antecedent āĻĨাāĻে।
c) Adverb or Adverbial clause : āĻāĻি āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯ে verb, adjective āĻŦা āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻোāĻ¨ adverb āĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে। āĻāĻি āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ঃ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŽā§, āĻাāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻĢāĻ˛, āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻŖ, āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨, āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨া, āĻļāĻ°্āĻ¤ āĻŦা āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āĻ¯ āĻŦোāĻাā§। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ-
Father came when I started for Sirajganj.
You may go where you like.
I am so tired that i can not walk.
I shall help if you come here.
We read that we learn.
Strike while the iron is hot.
It is many days since i saw you last.
The doctor came after the patient had died.
If you find the pen, i shall give it to you.
He came to my house when i was at home.
Though i am his neighbour, he did not help me.
(ā§Š) Co-ordinate Clause:
āĻāĻি āĻ¸ংāĻ¯োāĻāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļ। āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦা āĻ¤āĻ¤োāĻ§িāĻ Principal Clause āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻŦā§āĻাāĻ°ী āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšā§ে āĻāĻāĻি Compound Sentence āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা, āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻā§েāĻ° āĻ āĻ§িāĻ subordinate clause āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻŦā§āĻাāĻ°ী āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšā§ে āĻāĻāĻি Principal Clause āĻে āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¨িā§ে āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤াāĻে āĻāĻŽāĻ°া Co-ordinate Clause āĻŦāĻ˛ি। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ-
I went there and found him ill.
Co-ordinate Clause āĻ āĻ¯ে āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻŦā§āĻাāĻ°ী āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ āĻĨাāĻে āĻ¸েāĻুāĻ˛ো āĻšāĻ্āĻে- and, but, so, or, yet, otherwise, not only---but also, either--or, neither--nor, nor.
He threw the stone but missed the dog.
āĻŦিঃ āĻĻ্āĻ°ঃ āĻĻুāĻি āĻ¸āĻšāĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽী āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļāĻে and āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§ āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ°ীāĻ¤āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽী āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļāĻে but āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§।
You may turn either to the left or to the right.
You may accept the offer or refuse.
Prepared by Noor E Alam
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