Friday, December 31, 2021

Clause



📘Clause āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে? Clause āĻ•āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ“ āĻ•ী āĻ•ী?

Clause āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽāώ্āϟি āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻāĻ•āϟি subject āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟি finite verb (āϏāĻŽাāĻĒিāĻ•া āĻ•্āϰি⧟া) āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ্āϝ āĻŦা āωāĻš্āϝ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĨাāĻ•ে।(Phrase āĻ finite verb āĻĨাāĻ•েāύা)।

Clause ā§Š āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ। 


ā§§) Principal Clause or Independent Clause :

āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āϝা āύিāϜেāχ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϏāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϝে Clause āϤাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ Clause āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞ āύ⧟ āϤাāĻ•ে Principal Clause āĻŦāϞে। āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি  Principal Clause āĻāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϟি Simple Sentence.  āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ Clause āϏāĻŽূāĻšāĻ•ে Compound Sentence āĻŦা  Complex Sentence āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϤাāϰা āύিāϜেāχ Simple Sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āύিāϜেāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϝেāĻŽāύঃ- I know the man who helped you. āĻāĻ–াāύে  I know the man  āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Principal Clause āĻāĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“ āύিāϜে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।


(⧍) Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause:

āĻāϟি āĻ…āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āϝা āĻ…āύ্āϝ Clause āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞ।Complex Sentence āĻ—āĻ āύেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϝে āĻāĻ• āĻŦা āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ• Clause, Principal Clause āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϏেāϟা  Subordinate Clause. āĻāϏāĻŦ Subordinate Clause āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ Principal Clause āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞ।

āϝেāĻŽāύঃ- The boy came here when he was ten.

When he was ten āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Subordinate Clause āĻāϟাāĻ•ে Simple Sentence āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞেāĻ“ Principal Clause āĻāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ—āĻ āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύা āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύা।

Subordinators: Complex Sentence āĻāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে āϝে word āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে subordinator āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ after, although, as, because, before, for, how, if, in case, in order that, lest, once, since, that, though, till, unless, untill, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whereupon, which, while, whilst, who, whoever, whom, whose.

Subordinate Clause ā§Š āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ।

a) Noun Clause: āϝেāϏāĻŦ Subordinate Clause, complex sentence āĻāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰ  noun āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে noun clause āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ- We do not know when she will arrive.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻ•āϰুāύ- āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•ি āϜাāύিāύা? āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāĻŦে- āĻ•āĻ–āύ āϏে āĻĒৌāĻ›াāĻŦে?

Noun Clause āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ who, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, that, whether, if āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ।

That he can speak English was mistry to me.


It is incredible how fast he can run.

I think that he is an honest man.

She took what he needed.

I am not satisfied with what he gives me.

I am not sure what he has done.


b) Adjective Clause or relative Clause: āϝেāϏāĻŦ Subordinate clause āĻ•োāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি Sentence āĻ•ে āĻ•িংāĻŦা Principal Clause āĻāϰ āĻ•োāύ Noun āĻŦা Pronoun āĻ•ে qualify āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে  Adjective Clause āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ-

The boy who came here is my friend.  āĻāϟি noun āĻ•ে qualify āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে।


He walks in the morning, which is good for health.


Tell me the place where he lives.


I know the way how he did it.


Something which was bright like a star was moving across the sky.


The gallery which holds only five hundred people was crowded.


That is the man whose  wife is an actress.


This is the boy who broke one of the windows.


Noun clause āĻ antecedent āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা āφāϰ Adjective clause āĻ antecedent āĻĨাāĻ•ে।


c) Adverb or Adverbial clause : āĻāϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে verb,  adjective āĻŦা āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ adverb āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤঃ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ, āĻĢāϞ, āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ, āϧāϰāύ, āϤুāϞāύা, āĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻŦা āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻŦোāĻা⧟। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ-

Father came when I started for Sirajganj.

You may go where you like.

I am so tired that i can not walk.

I shall help if you come here.

We read that we learn.

Strike while the iron is hot.

It is many days since i saw you last.

The doctor came after the patient had died.

If you find the pen, i shall give it to you.

He came to my house when i was at home.

Though i am his neighbour, he did not help me.



(ā§Š) Co-ordinate Clause:

āĻāϟি āϏংāϝোāĻ—āĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ। āĻĻুāχ āĻŦা āϤāϤোāϧিāĻ• Principal Clause āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟āĻ•াāϰী āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āϟি Compound Sentence āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা, āĻĻুāχ āĻŦা āĻĻুāĻ‡ā§Ÿেāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• subordinate clause āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟āĻ•াāϰী āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āϟি Principal Clause  āĻ•ে āϏাāĻĨে āύি⧟ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰে āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা Co-ordinate Clause āĻŦāϞি। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ-

I went there and found him ill.

Co-ordinate Clause āĻ āϝে āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟āĻ•াāϰী āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে- and, but, so, or, yet, otherwise, not only---but also, either--or, neither--nor, nor.

He threw the stone but missed the dog.

āĻŦিঃ āĻĻ্āϰঃ āĻĻুāϟি āϏāĻšāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļāĻ•ে and āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļāĻ•ে but āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

You may turn either to the left or to the right.

You may accept the offer or refuse.


Prepared by Noor E Alam

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