Modifier
āĻংāϞিāĻļ āĻোāĻিং
HSC, SSC, JSC
Conducted by: āύূāϰে āĻāϞāĻŽ āϏ্āϝাāϰ
University of Dhaka
Former lecturer BIT, South Point School & College
01750044274
Banasree & Siddeshwari Branch, Dhaka
Modifier: āĻļাāĻŦ্āĻĻিāĻ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨে Modifier āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻুāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļāĻাāϰী āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ্āĻāĻে āĻŦুāĻাā§| āĻিāύ্āϤু English Grammar Modifier āĻোāύো āĻিāĻু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻ
āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύāĻাāϰী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāĻিāϤ। Modifier- Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ Word- āĻেāĻ Modify āĻāϰে ।
Definition: āϝে word āĻŦা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻĻেāϰāĻে Modify āĻāϰে āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§ āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻ
āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϝāĻĻাāύ āĻāϰে, āϤাāĻে Modifier āĻŦāϞে।
Rules of modifier:
# Pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻাāύো āĻšāϞোঃ
1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: āĻāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻāĻāĻি adjective āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻ্āϤ noun-āĻে modify āĻāϰে। Adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻে attributive use āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Faisal gave her a nice pen.
(b) It was an attractive football-match.
2. Noun as Pre-modifier:
āĻ
āύেāĻ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun-āĻ noun-āĻে modify āĻāϰে। āϝāĻāύ āĻĻুāĻি noun āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে, āϤāĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun-āĻিāĻে modify āĻāϰে। āĻĢāϞে, āĻāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻি noun āĻšāϝ়েāĻ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Tutul went to a book fair.
(b) He has bought a book about science fiction.
(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.
3. Demonstratives as Pre-modifier:
Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে Demonostrative(this,that,these,those) Pronoun āĻুāϞো Pre-modifier āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে
a) This book is mine
* Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻাāύি, participle āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻিংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে āĻĨাāĻে। Participle āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āϝা pre-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻাāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ
4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ present participle-āĻি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) She saw a running train.
(b) A barking dog seldom bites.
(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.
(d) The sleeping puppy is so cute.
5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি verb-āĻāϰ past participle form āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ past participle-āĻি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) It was a written document.
(b) I have bought some rotten fishes.
(c) The signed letter was not sent.
6. Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি having + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form + āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ perfect participle phrase-āĻি āĻোāύ clause-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻ্āϤ clause-āĻিāĻে modify āĻāϰে āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨাāϤ্ āĻāĻি adverb-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.
(b) Having taken her meal, Amreen went to college.
(c) Having married, she went abroad with her husband.
7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা noun-āĻে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ article (a, an, the) āĻāĻŦং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) āĻুāϞো determiner āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšূāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Suchi purchased a mobile.
(b) The Jamuna is a big river.
(c) She bought that pen yesterday.
(d) Those players were playing in the field.
8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier āĻšāϞো noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ (quantity) āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ। Singular non-countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং plural countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) She bought three books from the book fair.
(b) I don't spend much money unnecessarily.
(c) Many students attended the seminar.
(d) Bill Gates has a lot of money.
9. Compound as Pre-modifier: āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦা āϤāϤোāϧিāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϝোāĻে compound āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞিāϤ āĻāϤāĻুāϞো compound. āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) He has purchased a brand-new car.
(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.
(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.
(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.
10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive āĻšāϞো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim's, Shamima's āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Her sister is an MBBS.
(b) I have already got your idea.
(c) Everybody knows its price.
11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb āĻšāϞো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϤāĻŦে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি adverb āĻোāύ verb, adjective, adverb āĻিংāĻŦা āĻĒুāϰো sentence-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adverb-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) The then President signed this law.
(b) The down train will go there.
(c) The above passage is very difficult.
(d) This is the very man you like to meet.
(e) The last man has already left the place.
(f) That question was very important.
(g) The girl walks extremely slowly.
(h) It is a quickly increasing market.
(i) Instantly he left the place.
(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.
12. Gerund as noun pre modifier:
a.Barking dogs.
B.Working fields.
c.flying bird.
Post-modifier:
āϝে modifier āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻোāύ noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āϤাāĻে post-modifier āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ Samara has bought a book written by Humayun Ahmed. āĻāĻাāύে written by Humayun Ahmed āĻāĻ past participle phrase-āĻি book-āĻে modify āĻāϰেāĻে; āĻĢāϞে written by Humayun Ahmed āĻšāϞো post-modifier.
āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ Post-modifiers:
āύিāĻŽ্āύে āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ post-modifier-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻাāύো āĻšāϞোঃ
1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: āĻāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻāĻি adjective / adjective phrase āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻ্āϤ noun-āĻে modify āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) We made the room decorative.
(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.
(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.
2. Appositive as Post-modifier:
āϝāĻāύ āĻĻুāĻি noun āĻŦা noun phrase āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি, āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖিāĻে āĻŦুāĻাāϝ় āϤāĻāύ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āĻিāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase-āĻিāϰ appositive āĻŦা case in apposition āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ্āϝ āϝে, āĻāĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻ
āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻāϰে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.
(b) Mr. Sihab, the General Manager, is attending the party today.
(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.
3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻিংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে āĻĨাāĻে। Participle/Participle phrase āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āϝা pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো post-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāĻ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ
(i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে present participle āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻŦাāϰ, verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing + āĻ
āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে present participle phrase āĻāĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ present participle (phrase)-āĻি noun/pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a) We found the boys playing.
(b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.
(c) He saw her going to market.
4. Adverb as post modifier:
āϝেāĻŽāύ:
slowly, quickly, here,yesterday, never,always, often, rarely, usually, almost, already, hardly, nearly, just,quite,ever,barely,seldom, scarcely etc.
A. Ripon drives slowly
B. I called him yesterday
C. She is coming here.
5. infinitive as verb post modifier:
a.He goes there to learn
#Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces:
As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).
Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually became a victim of Gehrig's disease e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.
I experienced a very interesting incident
(a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Rangpur. My friend Rashed,(b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rashed had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rashed tried to tu in the left when the cow too walked
(d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rashed had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rashed was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.
Ans: a) last week on my way to Rangpur b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h) very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty
Happy learning
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