Modifier

āχংāϞিāĻļ āĻ•োāϚিং
HSC, SSC, JSC
Conducted by: āύূāϰে āφāϞāĻŽ āϏ্āϝাāϰ
University of Dhaka

Former lecturer BIT, South Point School & College
01750044274

Banasree & Siddeshwari Branch, Dhaka

Modifier: āĻļাāĻŦ্āĻĻিāĻ• āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে Modifier āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—ুāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļāĻ•াāϰী āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϚ্āĻ›āĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻা⧟| āĻ•িāύ্āϤু English Grammar Modifier  āĻ•োāύো āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύāĻ•াāϰী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ। Modifier- Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ Word- āĻ•েāĻ“ Modify āĻ•āϰে

Definition: āϝে word āĻŦা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে Modify āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϝāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻ•ে Modifier āĻŦāϞে।


Rules of modifier:

# Pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞোঃ
1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻāĻ•āϟি adjective āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। Adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻ•ে attributive use āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Faisal gave her a nice pen.
(b) It was an attractive football-match.

  2. Noun as Pre-modifier:
āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun-āĻ“ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāϟি noun āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun-āϟিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āĻĢāϞে, āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āϟি noun āĻšāϝ়েāĻ“ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Tutul went to a book fair.
(b) He has bought a book about science fiction.
(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.

  3. Demonstratives as Pre-modifier:
Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে Demonostrative(this,that,these,those) Pronoun āĻ—ুāϞো  Pre-modifier āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে

a) This book is mine

  * Participle as Pre-modifier:
āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি, participle āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āϝা pre-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ

4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:
  āĻāϟি verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ present participle-āϟি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) She saw a running train.
(b) A barking dog seldom bites.
(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.
(d) The sleeping puppy is so cute.

  5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāϟি verb-āĻāϰ past participle form āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ past participle-āϟি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) It was a written document.
(b) I have bought some rotten fishes.
(c) The signed letter was not sent.

  6. Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:
āĻāϟি having + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ perfect participle phrase-āϟি āĻ•োāύ clause-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ clause-āϟিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাāϤ্ āĻāϟি adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.
(b) Having taken her meal, Amreen went to college.
(c) Having married, she went abroad with her husband.

  7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা noun-āĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ article (a, an, the) āĻāĻŦং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) āĻ—ুāϞো determiner āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšূāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Suchi purchased a mobile.
(b) The Jamuna is a big river.
(c) She bought that pen yesterday.
(d) Those players were playing in the field.

  8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier āĻšāϞো noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ (quantity) āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ। Singular non-countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং plural countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) She bought three books from the book fair.
(b) I don't spend much money unnecessarily.
(c) Many students attended the seminar.
(d) Bill Gates has a lot of money.

  9. Compound as Pre-modifier: āĻĻুāχ āĻŦা āϤāϤোāϧিāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϝোāĻ—ে compound āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞো compound. āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) He has purchased a brand-new car.
(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.
(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.
(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.

  10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive āĻšāϞো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim's, Shamima's āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Her sister is an MBBS.
(b) I have already got your idea.
(c) Everybody knows its price.

  11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb āĻšāϞো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϤāĻŦে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি adverb āĻ•োāύ verb, adjective, adverb āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒুāϰো sentence-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) The then President signed this law.
(b) The down train will go there.
(c) The above passage is very difficult.
(d) This is the very man you like to meet.
(e) The last man has already left the place.
(f) That question was very important.
(g) The girl walks extremely slowly.
(h) It is a quickly increasing market.
(i) Instantly he left the place.
(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.

12. Gerund as noun pre modifier:

a.Barking dogs.
B.Working fields.
c.flying bird.

  Post-modifier:

āϝে modifier āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•োāύ noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āϤাāĻ•ে post-modifier āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ Samara has bought a book written by Humayun Ahmed. āĻāĻ–াāύে written by Humayun Ahmed āĻāχ past participle phrase-āϟি book-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে; āĻĢāϞে written by Humayun Ahmed āĻšāϞো post-modifier.

āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ Post-modifiers:
āύিāĻŽ্āύে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ post-modifier-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞোঃ
1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি adjective / adjective phrase āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) We made the room decorative.
(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.
(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.
 
2. Appositive as Post-modifier:
āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāϟি noun āĻŦা noun phrase āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি, āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖিāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻাāϝ় āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase-āϟিāϰ appositive āĻŦা case in apposition āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.
(b) Mr. Sihab, the General Manager, is attending the party today.
(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.
3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle/Participle phrase āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āϝা pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো post-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ

  (i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে present participle āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āφāĻŦাāϰ, verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে present participle phrase āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ present participle (phrase)-āϟি noun/pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

  (a) We found the boys playing.
  (b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.
  (c) He saw her going to market.

4. Adverb as post modifier:
āϝেāĻŽāύ:
slowly, quickly, here,yesterday, never,always, often, rarely, usually, almost, already, hardly, nearly, just,quite,ever,barely,seldom, scarcely etc.
A. Ripon drives slowly
B. I called him yesterday
C. She is coming here.

5.  infinitive as verb post modifier:

a.He goes there to learn

   #Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces:

  As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).

  Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually  became a victim of Gehrig's disease  e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.

  I experienced a very interesting incident
  (a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Rangpur. My friend Rashed,(b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road  it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rashed had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rashed tried to tu in the left when the cow too walked

  (d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rashed had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rashed was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.

  Ans: a) last week on my way to Rangpur b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h)  very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty

                                        Happy learning



 


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