Love and Help Children

 Unseen passage for practice!

Love and Help Children

In a busy bus station, there is a little girl sitting all alone on a bench. She stares at the floor as all the busy travelers rush around her. She does not move.

Some of the people are in such a big hurry that they do not notice her. Other people look at her, but they think, "She is not my daughter. She is someone else's responsibility. I am sure her mother and father must be close." They continue running to where they need to go.
After some time, a man stops next to the girl. He is very tired after a long day of work, and he just wants to get to his home as quickly as possible so that he can be with his family. But he cannot just leave this little girl alone. He cannot see her parents anywhere. The little girl is no older than his own little daughter!

The man walks up the girl. "Hello," he says. "Are you all right? Are your parents here with you?"

The little girl does not even look up at him. He gently sits down next to her and touches her shoulder. Now she lifts her head, and he can see that she is crying. He feels terrible!

But he gives her a very warm smile and holds out his hand. She looks scared, but she takes his hand and lets him lead her to the bus station information desk. He helps her sit down on a chair next to the desk and explains the situation to the security guard.

The guard makes an announcement over the speakers. "Attention: a young girl is waiting for her parents at the information desk. If you are looking for your daughter, please come immediately! Thank you."

A couple of minutes later, a woman comes running toward the desk. As soon as she sees the little girl, she shouts and runs up to her. She lifts the girl into her arms and holds her very tight. Then she separates herself from her daughter and looks at her face while she says, "I am here, Andrea. Everything is okay. I love you, honey."

Then she turns and greets the man. "Thank you so much, sir," she says. "We got separated in the crowd earlier. My daughter is deaf, so I could not make an announcement over the speakers for her. I was looking for her everywhere. I was so worried!"  

Now the man understands why the little girl did not look at him until he touched her shoulder. He feels happy that he has helped. It must have been very scary for little Andrea and her mother! He smiles and thinks of how he will tell his family about this. He is a father, too. He knows how important it is to love and help all children.

And now, practice:

Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "gently" mean?

a) in a confident way

b) in a fast way

c) in a soft way that will not scare someone

d) in a logical way

2. What does "deaf" mean?

a) that someone cannot hear

b) that someone cannot speak

c) that someone cannot see

d) that someone cannot feel

3. What does "help" mean?

a) to do something unpleasant

b) to make a plan for something

c) to try something new

d) to aid someone and make things easier for them

Grammar Questions

1. The people in the bus station are ________ a big hurry.

a) to

b) in

c) of

d) with

2. Thank you ________ much.

a) so

b) too

c) super

d) a lot

3. He cannot see her parents ________.

a) somewhere

b) everywhere

c) anywhere

d) where

Comprehension Questions

1. Why doesn't the little girl answer the man when he talks to her?

2. How do the man and the security guard find Andrea's mother?

3. In your opinion, why is it important to love and help children?

Prepared by Noor E Alam

Translation!

 প্রয়োজনীয় Translation!

তুমিই পারো। It is you who can.

কিছুই না। - Next to nothing.

তোমার সাথে দেখা হয়ে ভালো লাগছে। - Nice to meet you.

বাচাল হওয়ার কারণে তাকে কেউ পছন্দ করে না - Nobody likes him because of being talkative

আদৌ নয়। - Not at all.

সন্তোষজনক নয়। - Not satisfactory.

ও কিছু না/ দুঃচিন্তা করো না। - Not to worry/ Don’t worry.

কোন কিছুই ফেলানোর নয়। - Nothing is worthless.

বিশেষ কিছুই নয়। - Nothing special.

উহ আচ্ছা বুঝছি। - Oh I see.

ধ্যাৎতেরি! - Oh shit!

কোন বিষয় কেউ কাউকে ভাল বলার জবাবে। - Oh thanks. It’s kind of you to say so.

ঐ দেখ, ভুলেই গিয়েছিলাম। - Oh, I forgot to mention.

আহ! এটা আমার দোষ। - Oh, it’s my fault.

ওহ, ওটা নষ্ট হয়ে গেছে - Oh, that’s rotten

ও, আচ্ছা, আর। - Oh, yes.

ঠিক আছে, এই ব্যাপারটা নিয়ে পরে কথা বলবো - Okay, let’s talk more about that later on

আমাদের আজ প্রধান লক্ষ্য হলো... - Our main aim today is to …

আমাদের মধ্যে মন কষাকষি চলছে - Our relations are strained

জনগন খুব কম সময়ই দুর্নীতিগ্রস্থ নেতা নির্বাচন করে - People hardly elected corrupted leader

অসাধারণ! - Phenomenal!/excellent

হৃদয়াঙ্গাম করা/ বোঝা। - Pin down.

দয়া করে এখন আসুন। - Please be here.

আপনি বসুন। - Please be sated.

দয়া করে তা বলবেন না। - Please don’t mention it

পৃষ্টার নিচে সাইন করুন। - Please put your sign at the button of the page.

দয়া করে আমারটা নিন। - Please take mine

দয়া করে আমাকে রবার্ট ডাকুন - Please, call me Robert

আমাকে কল করো দয়া করে... - Please, call me…

দয়া করে আমি যা করেছি/ বলেছি তার জন্য আমাকে মাফ করবেন। - Please, forgive me for what I’ve done/ said

দেখা হয়ে ভালো লাগলো - Pleased to meet you

দোয়া করো! - Pray for me.

তালি দিন। - Put/keep your hands together. Or Get a hand. Or give a big hand.

অখাদ্য। - Rabbit food.

রিডিং আপনাকে অন্য জগতে নিয়ে যাবে। - Reading will take your mind off all worries.

সত্যি? - Really?

আমার উপর ভরসা করতে পারেন। - Rest assured.

এখনই। - Right now.

শব্দটি গলো করে ফেলুন। - Round the word up.

ধরুন। - Say/ Suppose

পরে দেখা হবে। - See you again/ later/ See once again.

আমাকে আর কিছু ভাত দাও - Serve me more rice

সে জাতে মাতাল ভালে ঠিক। - She’s not that kid.

কারো বিপর্যয় দেখলে বলতে হয়। - Shocking

আমি আজকে উঠি। - Should I leave today?

চুপ কর/ থাক। - Shut up/ Keep quite.

সত্যিকার ব্যাপার হলো - Sincerely speaking

এ পর্যন্ত সবই ভাল। - So far so good

আপনার দয়া - So kind of you!

বিদায়! - So long!

ওহ আচ্ছা এই ব্যাপার। - So that’s the case!

তাহলে ব্যাপারটা এই। - So that’s the case.

তাতে কি? - So what?

তাতে কি? - So what?

দুঃখিত, আমি এটা জানি না - Sorry, but I don't know that

দুঃখিত, আমি এখানে (এলাকা) থাকি না - Sorry. I don't live around here

জায়গামত বলুন। - Speak to the right person.

বন্ধ কর। - Stop it.

অবশ্যই, আমি কিছু মনে করবো না - Sure, I wouldn't mind

অবশ্যই, কোন সমস্যা নেই - Sure, no problem

অবশ্যই, এটা ঠিক আছে - Sure, that's fine

অবশ্যই, এটা ঠিক আছে - Sure, that's ok

পরবর্তী লাইট পোস্টের ওখানে বাম দিকে মোড় নিবেন। - Take a left at the next light

’থামুন’ নির্দেশের কাছে আসার পর বাম দিকে মোড় নিবেন - Take a left when you come to a ‘stop’ sign

গ্যাস স্টেশন থেকে ডান দিকে মোড় নিবেন - Take a right at the gas station

সাবধানে থেকো। - Take care.

এটা হালকাভাবে নাও। - Take it as slight.

শেষ মুহূর্তটুকু কাজে লাগান। - Take the advantage of the very last long minute.

তোমার সাথে পরে কথা বলছি - Talk to you later

হিসাব করে কথা বল। - Talk with counting.

আপনাদের সবাইকে অশেষ ধন্যবাদ আজকে আসার জন্য - Thank you all very much for coming today

আপনাদের ধন্যবাদ অংশগ্রহণ করার জন্য - Thank you for your participation

জিজ্ঞসা করার জন্য ধন্যবাদ। আমি ভালো ভালো আছি। আপনি কেমন আছেন? - Thanks for asking. I’m fine. how are you?

সাহায্যের জন্য ধন্যবাদ - Thanks for your help

আমি তাতে আনন্দিত। - That pleases me.

শুনে মনে হচ্ছে অনেক কঠিন - That sounds difficult

ঠিকই বলছে। - That sounds good.

ব্যাপারটা দারুন হবে। - That will be great.

খুব ভালো হয় - That would be very nice

ভালই হবে। - That’d be nice/fine

আমার সম্পর্কে এটুকই। - That’s all about me.

আরও একটু থাকুন না - Stay a little more.

তুমি কি বইখানা পড়ে শেষ করেছ - Have you finished reading the book

সে কেবল ঘুমাত আর কেছুই করত না - He did nothing but sleep

সে আমার কাছ থেকে বিদায় নিল - He took leave of me

সে আড়াইটার গাড়িতে গিয়েছিল - He went by the 2:30 train

আমি এখানে থেকে কিভাবে এয়ারপোর্টে যাবো? - How do I get to the airport from here?

সাফল্যের জন্য তোমাকে অভিনন্দন জানাচ্ছি - I congratulate you on your success

তোমার উপদেশে আমার উপকার হলো - I profited by your advice

তুমি যতক্ষণ না ফের, ততক্ষণ আমি অপেক্ষা করব - I shall wait until you come back

ব্যাপারটা আমাকে জানানো হয়েছিল - I was informed of the matter

আমি একটি সুপারমার্কেট খুঁজছি। আপনি কি জানেন সবচেয়ে কাছেরটি কোথায়? - I'm looking for a supermarket. Do you know where the closest one is?

এতে কোন সন্দেহ নাই - It admits of no doubt

এসো তুমি আর আমি কাজটা করি - Let you and me do it

আমার যখন পাঁচ বছর তখন আমার বাবা মারা যান - My father died when I was a child five years old

আমাদের কেউ উপস্থিত ছিল না - Neither of us was present

ঘরটি আমাদের জন্য নিতান্তই ছোট - The room is much too small for us

চেষ্টা না করলে সফল হবে না - Unless you try, you will never succeed

সে কোন দেশের লোক? - What country does he belong to?

তুমি পড়াশুনায় অবহেলা কর কেন? - Why do you neglect your studies?

একজনে একজনে (দুইপক্ষ থেকে একজন করে থাকবে) - 121 : One-to-one

send word to him at once - তাকে অবিলম্বে সংবাদ দাও

Mind your studies - লেখাপড়ায় মন দাও

He cursed me to my face - সে মুখের ওপর আমায় গালাগাল দিল

যদি তুমি কিছু মনে না করো তাতে...? - …if that’s alright with you?

Exercise for practice!

আমিই পারি---

তারাই পারে----

আমরাই পারি----

সেই পারে------

Few, a few, the few

 

⭐Few, a few the few-এর ব্যবহার: 

1. Few= অর্থ ‘বেশী সংখ্যক নয়’ (না-বোধক বুঝায়)।

2. A few= অর্থ ‘অনির্দিষ্ট কিছু সংখ্যক’ (হা-বোধক বুঝায়)।

3. The few= অর্থ  ’নির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যক’।

Few, a few ও the few এর ব্যবহার:

Few  a few ও  the few হচ্ছে determiner.  এগুলোকে কোন Noun শব্দের পূর্বে  ব্যবহার করা হয় Noun-এর সংখ্যা বুঝাতে। 

Few, a few ও the few-এর অর্থ ও ব্যবহার: 

Few, a few ও the few-এর সবার অর্থ সাধারণভাবে ‘অল্প সংখ্যক’ বা ‘কম সংখ্যক’। এদের অর্থ ‘অল্প সংখ্যক’ বা ‘কম সংখ্যক’ হলেও তাদের একে অপরের মধ্যে বেশ পার্থক্য রয়েছে। তাই, আমরা জেনে নেই এরা বাক্যে কিভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, এবং কি বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

1. Few শব্দের অর্থ ’খুবই কম সংখ্যক’ (ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা অন্য কোন কিছু, যা সংখ্যায় গণনা করা যায়)। পক্ষান্তরে, ‘a few’-এর অর্থ ’অনির্দিষ্ট কিছু সংখ্যক’ (ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা অন্য কোন কিছু, যা সংখ্যায় গণনা করা যায়)। যেমন: Amreen has few friends= আমরিনের প্রায় নাই বললেই চলে এমন কয়জন বন্ধু আছে। She made few mistakes this time= এবার সে বেশী ভুল  করে নাই।

2. Few হচ্ছে মূলত: Semi-negative বা আধা না-বাচক শব্দ। Few  দ্বারা ‘কম সংখ্যক’  বুঝিয়ে মূলত:  few-কে না-বোধক অর্থে ব্যবহৃত করা হয়।  পক্ষান্তরে, ‘a few’ হচ্ছে Positive  শব্দ হা-বোধক শব্দ, তাই ‘a few’-কে হা-বোধক অর্থে ব্যবহৃত করা হয়। ’Few’ দ্বারা যা বুঝানো হয়, ‘a few’ দ্বারা তার চেয়ে বেশী বুঝানো হয়।  যেমন: Few students knew that he was an experienced teacher= খুব  কম ছাত্রই জানত যে, তিনি একজন অভিজ্ঞ শিক্ষক। অর্থাৎ প্রায় কেউ জানতো না বা যে সংখ্যক ছাত্রের জানার দরকার ছিল, সে সংখ্যক ছাত্র জানতো না যে তিনি একজন অভিজ্ঞ শিক্ষক ছিলেন।

It will take few minutes to go there= সেখানে যেতে কয়েক মিনিট সময় লাগবে, অর্থাৎ খুবই কম সময় লাগবে (যা ধর্তব্যের মধ্যে নয়)। 

A few months ago, we took a family trip to Sylhet= কয়েক মাস আগে আমরা সিলেটে পারিবারিক ভ্রমণে গিয়েছিলাম ।

3. Few-এর পূর্বে ’very’ ব্যবহার করা যায় কিন্তু  ‘a few’-এর পূর্বে only ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে ‘ a ‍few’-এর পূর্বে only ব্যবহৃত হলে না-বোধক ধারনা প্রকাশ করে। যেমন:

She has very few friends= তার খুব কম বন্ধু আছে। নাই বললেই চলে।

The village is very small. There are only a few houses= গ্রামটি খুব ছোট। এখানে শুধু কয়েকটি বাড়ি রয়েছে। বাড়ি  প্রায় নাই বললেই চলে।

4. A few-এর স্থলে Some + Plural noun ব্যবহার করা যায়, কিন্তু few-এর স্থলে বা পরিবর্তে Some + Plural noun ব্যবহার করা যায় না। যেমন:  

I have a few English books. এই বাক্যকে আমরা লিখতে পারি:   I have some English books.

Give me a few hints to solve the question. এই বাক্যকে আমরা লিখতে পারি: Give me some hints to solve the question.

5. The few দ্বারা ’নির্দিষ্ট কিছু সংখ্যক’ বুঝায়। এখানে  few-এর পূর্বে ‘the’ ব্যবহৃত হয়ে তা অনেকটা  Definite article-এর ন্যায় কাজ করছে এবং তা ’নির্দিষ্ট কিছু সংখ্যক’ বুঝাচ্ছে। তাই few-এর পূর্বে তখনই ‘the’ ব্যবহার করবো যখন নির্দিস্ট সংখ্যক বুঝাতে চাইবো।

The few friends he has are all very rich= তার যে কয়েকটা বন্ধু রয়েছে তারা সবাই খুব ধনী।

আশা করি এই পোস্টটির মাধ্যমে ভালোভাবে পার্থক্য বুঝাতে সক্ষম হয়েছি। 

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Prepared by নূরে আলম (বাবু)

Allah Loves Those Who Love the Mankind

 

Unseen Comprehension: 

TITLE: Allah Loves Those Who Love the Mankind

A pious man named Abu Bin Adham was very good and honest. One night Abu said has prayers and after that he found an angel writing in a book of gold. He then asked the angel what he was writing. The angel told him that he was making a list of those who love the lord. Abu asks whether his name was on the list. He’s told that it is not. Abu became very frustrated and asked why his name was not there. The angel said, ‘The list includes those who love the mankind. A man maybe dishonest and tell lies always, no matter you should love them. You should not discriminate between rich and poor, white and black, believes and non-believers. Allah loves those who love his creation. A man may be wicked but he is also created by the same Allah who has created a good man.

Abu realized his fault that he was not well behaved though he was honest and sincere. His mind was full of repentance and took a bow that he would never be ill-behaved. He thought his incident a warning from God.

May be almighty God wanted t purify him through this event. Abu became very well behaved since then and he took apology from those whom he mistreated.

After a few months the angel came in the same manner and told him that he was tabulating information about those whom God loves, and Abu Bin Adam’s name tops the list.

Q1. Who was Abu Ben Adhem?

Q2. What did he see in his room?

Q3. What did he ask of the angel?

Q4. What was the angel's reply?

Q5. What did Abu see the next night?

Q6. What does the story of Abu Bin Adhem and the Angel teach?

Prepared by Noor E Alam Siddique

Affirmative to negative

 Transformation of Sentences

Affirmative to negative:
Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → Replaced by → None but(person)/ nothing but(things)/ not more than or not less than(number)

Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a computer. Neg: He has nothing but a computer.
Aff: He has only twenty taka. Neg: He has not more than twenty taka.

Rule 2: Must → Replaced by → Cannot but/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.

Rule 3: Both—-and → Replaced by → not only —- but also.
Ex: Aff: Both Dipa and Sneha were excited.
Neg: Not only Dipa but also Sneha were excited.

Rule 4: and ( if join two words) → Replaced by → Not only —– but also.
Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → Replaced by → There is no + attached word + but.

Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

Rule 6: As soon as → Replaced by → No sooner had —– Than.

Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. 

Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

Rule 7: Absolute Superlative degree → Replaced by → No other+ attached word+so+ positive form+ as+subject.

Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.

Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

Rule8: Sometimes affirmative sentences are changed into negative by using opposite words. Before the word, off course ‘not’ is used.

Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. 

Neg: I shall not forget you.

Rule 9: Always → Replaced by → Never.

Ex: aff: Ruhi always attends the class. Neg: Ruhi never misses the class.

Rule 10: Too —- to → Replaced by → so —that+ can not/could not(in past).

Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk.

 Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Rule 11: As – as → Replaced by → Not less – than.

Ex: Aff: Suchi was as wise as Rimi. 

Neg: Rimi was wiser than Suchi.

Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.

Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. 

Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west?

Rule 13: Sometimes → Replaced by → Not + always.

Ex: Aff: Ria sometimes visits me. 

Neg: Ria doesn’t always visit me.

Rule 14: Many → Replaced by → Not a few.

Ex: Aff: I have many friends. 

Neg: I don't have few friends.

Rule 15: A few → Replaced by → not many.

Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

Rule 16: Much → Replaced by → A little.

Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. 

Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

Rule 17: A little → Replaced by → not much.

Ex: Aff: Dipa has a little riches. 

Neg: Dipa doesn’t have much riches.

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

Rule 1: If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative. If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative.

Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?

Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?

Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.

Ex: Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?

Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?

Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever.

Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?

Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t

Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.

Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who.

Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).

Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why.

Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?

Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter.

Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa.
Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence

Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence.
How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)

Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.

Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed.

Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.

Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.

Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.

Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.

Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.

Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa.

📗Imperative to assertive:

Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive.
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.

Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to.
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.

Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not.
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.

Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never.
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.

Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should.
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.

Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might.
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.

Change of degree

Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:-
For comparative,use –
subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part
For positive, use-

No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.
Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.
Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.

Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:

Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part.
Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.

Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any
Comparative: Than all other/than any other.
Positive: It does not exist.

Ex: Sup: Mr. Rahat is the oldest of all men in the village.
Com: Mr. Rahat is older than all other men in the village.
Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Rahat.

Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using
(not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.

Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.
Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.
2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’
Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.

Rule 4: No/not less — than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as

Ex: com: Karima is not less meritorious than Suman.
Pos: Karima is so meritorious as Suman.

Complex →→→ Simple →→→ compound

Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause .
When subjects are same.

Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when.
2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause.
3) then write the rest part.
4) use subject with the principal clause.
5) Principal clause remains unchanged.

Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when
2) write down the rest part.
3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore
4) write the main clause unchanged.

Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result.

Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause:

1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being.
Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons.

Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different:
Simple:
1)Subject of s.c.
2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having)
Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out.

Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses.
Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.

Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing)
Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

Compound: 1) Omit if+subject.
2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses.
Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.

Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, – without+( verb+ing)
Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.

Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses.
Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination.

Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing)
Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses.
Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to.
Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.

Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses.
Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life.

Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’
Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence.
Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.

Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by
For short time – At
For month or Season – In
For age— at the age of.
Ex: She woke up when it was midnight.
Simple: She woke up at midnight.
Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings.
Con: When Samira was four she went to school.
Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school.

Compound: Use and to join clauses.
Ex: She woke up and it was midnight.

Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use-
At the time of instead of ‘When’
Ex: When I was eating the phone rang.
Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: I was eating and the phone rang.

Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun.
Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty.
Sim: He admitted his guilt.
Com: That he is honest is known to all.
Sim: his honesty is known to all.

Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: He is honest and it is known to all.

Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing).
Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged.
Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.

Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into – Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive.

Adjective:
ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw.
Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
Past participle phrase:
Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct.
Sim: The answer written by him was not correct.
Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
Gerundial Infinitive:
Ex: I have no money that I can lend you.
Sim: I have no money to lend you.
Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you.

Rule 14: In the compound “ not only—- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)”
In the simple.
Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.
Example-1:

• When can their glory fade?

This is an interrogative sentence.

This sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.

• Their glory can never fade.

Example-2:

• Was he not a villain to do such a deed?

This interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.

• He was a villain to do such a deed.

Example-3:

• Who can touch ditch without being defiled? (Interrogative Sentence)
• No one can touch ditch without being defiled. (Assertive Sentence)

You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example-4:

• Who does not know him? (Interrogative Sentence)
• Every one knows him. (Assertive Sentence)

Example-5:

• Is this the kind of dress to be worn for a school function? (Interrogative Sentence)
• This is not the kind of dress to be worn for a school function. (Assertive Sentence)

In this same way an assertive sentence can be transformed into an interrogative sentence.

Example-1:

• We were not sent to this world simply to make money. (Assertive Sentence)
• Were we sent to this world simply to make money? (Interrogative Sentence)

Example-2:

• I never forget those happy days. (Assertive Sentence)
• Shall I ever forget those happy days? (Interrogative Sentence)

 

Transform the following as directed

 

1. He goes home. (Change into Negative)
   Answer: He does not go home.

   2. The news is too good to be true. (Remove too)
   Answer: The news is so good that it cannot be true.

   3. I am as strong as he. (Change into Comparative)
   Answer: He is not stronger than I.

   4. He can do this work. (Change into Interrogative)
   Answer: Can he do this work ?

   5. How beautiful is the night ! (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: The night is very beautiful.

   6. He knows the bad man. (Change into Complex)
   Answer: He knows the man who is bad.

   7. She lives comfortably. (Change into Noun)
   Answer: She lives in comfort.

   8. No other metal is as useful as iron. (Change into Superlative)
   Answer: Iron is the most useful of all metals.

   9. His ambition is to serve the country. (Change into Complex)
   Answer: His ambition is that he should serve his country.

   10. These mangoes are too cheap to be good. (Remove too)
   Answer: These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good.

   11. She is your friend. (Change into Negative)
   Answer: She is not your enemy.

   12. He treated me cruelly. (Change into Adjective)
   Answer: He was cruel to me.

   13. He said that he was coming. (Change into Simple)
   Answer: He told of his coming.

   14. That razor is not so sharp as this one. (Change into Comparative)
   Answer: This razor is sharper than that one.

   15. He was too weak to walk. (Remove too)
   Answer: He was so weak that he could not walk.

   16. This news gave her pleasure. (Change into Verb)
   Answer: This news pleased her.

   17. Is he not an honest man ? (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: He is an honest man.

   18. He must weep or he will die. (Change into Simple)
   Answer: He must weep to escape death.

   19. Bangalore is the most beautiful city in India. (Change into Comparative)
   Answer: Bangalore is more beautiful than any other city in India.

   20. We eat to live. (Change into Complex)
   Answer: We eat so that we may live.

   21. Mumbai is one of the richest towns in India. (Change into Positive)
   Answer: Very few towns in India are as rich as Mumbai.

   22. This coffee is too cold for me. (Remove too)
   Answer: This coffee is so cold that I cannot take it.

   23. How fast she runs ! (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: She runs very fast.

   24. Man is mortal. (Change into Negative)
   Answer: Man is not immortal.

   25. He knows that the earth is round. (Change into Compound).
   Answer: The earth is round and he knows it.

   26. Brutus loved Caesar. (Change into Nagative)
   Answer: Brutus did not hate Caesar.

   27. He will be rewarded as he stands second. (Change into Simple)
   Answer: He will be rewarded because of standing second.

   28. What if I pass this year ! (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: It does not matter if I pass this year.

   29. She was too proud to beg. (Remove too)
   Answer: She was so proud that she could not beg.

   30. Sohan writes more legibly than all other boys of his class. (Change into Positive)
   Answer: No other boy of Sohan’s class writes so legibly as he.

   31. When can their glory fade ? (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: Their glory can never fade.

   32. What an interesting play it is ! (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: It is a very interesting play.

   33. Coming to me, she delivered the message. (Change into Compound)
   Answer: She came to me and delivered the message.

   34. She sympathises with the poor. (Change into Noun)
   Answer: She has sympathy for the poor.

   35. Few historians write as interestingly as Joshi (Change into Comparative)
   Answer: Joshi writes more interestingly than most historians.

   36. Could she do such a mean act ? (Change into Assertive)
   Answer: She could not do such a mean act.

   37. Suborno Express is the fastest train. (Change into Positive)
   Answer: There is no other train as fast as Suborno Express. or No other train is as fast as Suborno Express.

   38. It is a matter of great importance. (Change into Adjective)
   Answer: It is a very important matter.

   39. Ashoka was the greatest emperor. (Change into Positive)
   Answer: No other emperor was as great as Ashoka.

   40. Hurry up, or you will miss the train. (Change into Complex)
   Answer: Unless you hurry up, you will miss the train.

Prepared by: Noor E Alam

Assertive to Interrogative

 

Assertive to interrogative

Rule 1:

অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় sentence টি যদি affirmative হয় তাহলে – Auxiliary verb + n’t + subject + বাকী + ?

Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t, ain’t হয়.

Assertive – She is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn’t she in the school?
Assertive – We can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t we do the work?

Rule 2:

Auxiliary verb যুক্ত negative অর্থবোধক Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় negative উঠে যায়। এবং সাহায্যকারী verb প্রথমে বসে। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – He is not in the school.
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Assertive – I shall not go to Sirajganj tomorrow.
Interrogative – Shall I go to Sirajganj tomorrow?

Rule 3:

Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive sentence interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + subject + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – He played good cricket.
Interrogative – Didn’t he play good cricket?
Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?

Rule 4:

Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয় এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে আনতে হয়। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Assertive – I have nothing to do?
Interrogative – Have I anything to do?

Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ যদি nothing থাকে তাহলে nothing এর জায়গায় what বসে।

Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Interrogative – What can ruin him?

Rule 5:

Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?

Rule 6:

Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + ?

Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
Assertive – No one can beat him.
Interrogative – Who can beat him?