Idioms vs Phrases

 📘📗Today's topic (আজকের বিষয়): Phrase & Idiom কি? Phrase কত প্রকার ও কি কি? সাথে থাকছে পর্যাপ্ত উদাহরণ যা আত্ববিশ্বাসকে একধাপ বাড়িয়ে দিবে ইনশাআল্লাহ।

🔥🔥Phrase & Idiom হলো ‌English Grammar এর একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য/গুরুত্বপূর্ণ  অংশ। Grammar এর প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য হলো সঠিক,সুন্দর ও প্রাঞ্জল বাক্য গঠন করা। আর বাক্য গঠনের অত্যাবশ্যকীয় উপাদান হলো Phrase & Idiom . তাই Phrase & Idiom সম্পর্কে প্রাথমিক ধারণা এখানে দেয়া হলো । পরবর্তী পোস্ট টিতে সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা করা হবে ইন্শাআল্লাহ্।

🔥Phrase & Idiom (Episode - 1)

Phrase is a group/combination of words having no subject and finite verb that works/ acts as a single part of speech of a whole sentence.(Phrase হলো সেই শব্দগুচ্ছ যার মধ্যে subject ও finite verb থাকে না এবং পূর্ণাঙ্গ বাক্যের একটি part of speech এর মত কাজ করে ।)

যেমনঃ The boy injured by accident  died yesterday.

উপরের Sentence -টিতে injured by accident একটি phrase কেননা এটি a group/combination of words নিয়ে গঠিত হয়েছে। এতে কোন Subject এবং finite verb নেই এবং phrase টি Sentence টিতে একটি Parts of Speech এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করেছে।

🖊️✏️Phrase are of nine kinds :

✪ Noun Phrase : It does the work of a noun . : His coming back is uncertain.

✪ ‍Adjective Phrase : It does the function of an adjective : Albert Einstein was a man of fame (-a famous man)

✪ Prepositional Phrase : It does the work of a preposition : He stood in front of the man.

✪ Adverbial Phrase: It does the work of an adverb: He ran at a great speed.(-fast)

✪ Conjunctional Phrase : It does the work of a conjunction: Come back as early as possible.

✪ Interjectional Phrase : It does the work of an interjection : By God !I have never done this.

✪ Verbal Phrase : It works as a verb : My parents looks after me.

✪ Infinitive phrase : যে phrase infinitive-এর কাজ করে অর্থাৎ (To+verb) যুক্ত phrase সমূহকে infinitive phrase বলে ।

Example:

I want to write another book.

To read newspaper is a good habit.

The girl is very beautiful to love.

To speak in English is a symbol of aristocracy.

✪ Participle phrase : যে phrase participle -এর ন্যায় কাজ করে তাকে participle Phrase বলে।

Example:

Being a doctor she feels proud.

The boy standing on the street is my cousin.

The girl playing with the toy is my sister.

The man walking along the road is a thief.

The dog barking loudly is not mine.

The man retired from the post was honest.

She is a charming girl.

✏️🖊️Idioms:

An idiom is a phrase or an expression that has a figurative meaning. An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the literal meaning/ individual meaning in it. (অর্থাৎ, idiom হলো শব্দগুচ্ছ যার অর্থ শব্দগুলোর স্বতন্ত্র অর্থ থেকে ভিন্ন ।)

যেমনঃ 

Don't shed crocodile tears. মায়া কান্না কেঁদো না।

উপরের Sentence -টিতে Crocodile tears একটি Idiom যার অর্থ হলো মায়া/ মিথ্যে/ লোক দেখানো কান্না। অর্থাৎ, এখানে Crocodile বা tears কোন শব্দের অর্থই প্রকাশ পায়নি। অতএব, এটি একটি idiom .

মনে রাখা দরকার:

সব Idiom- ই Phrase; কিন্তু সব Phrase, Idiom নয়।

Pʜʀᴀsᴇs & Iᴅɪᴏᴍ

Eᴘɪsᴏᴅᴇ-2

N̲o̲u̲n̲ P̲h̲r̲a̲s̲e̲:

যে শব্দসমষ্টি (phrase) Noun এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করে তাকে Noun Phrase বলে। অর্থাৎ, এরা কোন Sentence-এ verb এর subject, object,বা complement রুপে অথবা preposition এর object রপে ব্যবহৃত হয় । ( A noun phrase is a group words that acts as a Noun. It may be a Subject or Object/ Complement of a Verb.)

যেমনঃ

My father is a retired person.( Noun Phrase )

[ My father এবং a retired person দুটি phrase- ই একটা noun (ব্যক্তি ) - কে বুঝাচ্ছে।

✪ Noun phrase , verb-এর Subject হিসেবে কাজ করে।

যেমনঃ

Tᴏ ʟᴇᴀʀɴ Eɴɢʟɪsʜ is the demand of the present age.(এখানে To learn English একটি Noun phrase )

Sᴍᴏᴋɪɴɢ ᴄɪɢᴀʀᴇᴛᴛᴇ is a bad habit.

Rᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ Nᴇᴡsᴘᴀᴘᴇʀ is a good habit.

Tᴏ ʟᴇᴀʀɴ Eɴɢʟɪsʜ is very essential.

Sᴡɪᴍᴍɪɴɢ is a good exercise.

N.B: Noun Phrase গুলো caps Letter-এ লেখা হয়েছে।

✪ Noun phrase, Transitive verb-এর Object হিসাবে কাজ করে।

যেমনঃ

I like ᴛᴏ ᴘʟᴀʏ ꜰᴏᴏᴛʙᴀʟʟ.

He wanted ᴛᴏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴀ ᴄᴜᴘ ᴏꜰ ᴛᴇᴀ.

I want ᴛᴏ ʟᴇᴀʀɴ Eɴɢʟɪsʜ.

Dr. Shahidullah was ᴀ ᴍᴀɴ ᴏꜰ ʟɪᴛᴛᴇʀs.

My mother likes ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏᴏᴋ ᴅᴇʟɪᴄɪᴏᴜs ᴅɪsʜᴇs.

I like ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴇɴᴛᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ.

✪ Noun phrase, Subject-এর Complement হিসাবে কাজ করে।

যেমনঃ

Rahat is ᴀ ʙᴏʏ ᴏꜰ ʜɪs ᴡᴏʀᴅ.

He is ᴀ ꜰᴜʟʟ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇʀ.

The lion is ᴛʜᴇ ᴋɪɴɢ ᴏꜰ ʙᴇᴀsᴛs.

Life is not ᴀ ʙᴇᴅ ᴏꜰ ʀᴏsᴇs.

Life is ᴏɴᴇ ᴋɪɴᴅ ᴏꜰ sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇ.

✪ Noun phrase,Preposition-এর Object হিসাবে কাজ করে।

He is good at ʀᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ ɴᴇᴡsᴘᴀᴘᴇʀ.

He is proud of ʜɪs knowledge ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴏɴᴇʏ.

This prize is for ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇsᴛ ʙᴏʏ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʟᴀss.

We could not see him ᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴏꜰ ʜɪs ᴀʀʀɪᴠᴀʟ.

We stood for some time on ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴍʙʟɪɴɢ ᴛʀᴇᴇ.

✪ Noun phrase , Noun in Apposition হিসাবে কাজ করে।

Mahi,  ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴅᴍɪɴ ᴏꜰ Eɴɢʟɪsʜ ᴘᴀʀᴋ, is a sagacious person.

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is a populous city.

Abir,ᴍʏ ʙᴇsᴛ ꜰʀɪᴇɴᴅ, is no more.

Mr. Rakib, Hᴇsᴅᴍᴀsᴛᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜɪs sᴄʜᴏᴏʟ, is a learned man.

N.B: Noun phrase-কে It দ্বারা Replaceকরা যাবে।

✪ Tʜᴇ Sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ Nᴏᴜɴ Pʜʀᴀsᴇ:

✪ Possessive+noun = noun phrase

Example:

Our country, his curiosity, your parents, King's evidence, king's evil, God's acre, the lion's share.

✪ Preposition+noun = noun phrase

Example:

We were waiting for the Bus.

He wants to get the lion's share of the books.

I am surprised at his king's speech.

✪ Adjective+noun = noun phrase

Example:

poor children, rural woman, illiterate people, a good deal, ardent spirits, a lunatic asylum, capital punishment, a narrow escape, a burning question,

✪ Article+Adjective+noun = noun phrase:

Example:

Clever boy, an educated mother, the corrupt politicians etc.

✪ Article+Adverb+Adjective+noun = noun phrase:

Example:

A very honest officer, a nicely decorated house etc

✪ Noun infinitive +Adverbial /Object = Noun Phrase

Example:

To err is human.

To swim is good for health.

To walk in the morning is a good habit.

✪ Aᴅᴊᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴘʜʀᴀsᴇ

যে সকল Phrase, Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Adjective-এর কাজ করে তাকে Adjective phrase বলে। Adjective phrase সাধারণত: পূর্ববর্তী বা পরবর্তী Noun বা Pronoun  কে qualify করে। অর্থাৎ Adjective এর ন্যায় Noun / pronoun দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা, বৈশিষ্ট্য প্রকাশ করে।

(An adjective phrase ( or adjectival phrase ) is a phrase that works as an adjective for qualifying a noun or pronoun.

e.g. fond of steak, very happy, quite upset about it, etc.

Example:

He is very honest.( adjective phrase )

[very honest একজন ব্যক্তির adjective (অবস্থা) প্রকাশ করছে।

More example:

A thing ᴏꜰ ʙᴇᴀᴜᴛʏ is a joy forever.

The girl ɪɴ blue sharee is my cousin.

The fox ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ ᴀ ᴛᴀɪʟ call the meeting.

The man walking ᴀʟᴏɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴏᴀᴅ is a teacher.

The bird ꜰʟʏɪɴɢ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ sᴋʏ has been shot.

✪ The Structure of Adjective Phrase:

Adverb+Adjective=Adjective Phrase

Example:

His speech is highly motivated

I am extremely sorry.

Preposition + Adjective = Adjective Phrase

Example:

He saw a lady with pink lips.

I want to see a face with a smile.

English is a language abounding with idiomatic expression.

As+adjective+as +noun = Adjective Phrase

Example:

He is as cleaver as a fox.

The boy is as dull as an ass.

Sabbbir  is as stupid as Pritom.

Robinhood is as strong as lion.

The baby is as beautiful as lily.

Noun+Present participle + Preposition +Object = Adjective Phrase.

Example:

Birds flying in the sky are enjoying freedom.

Farmers working in the field are hopeful.

The man working in the garden is a gardener.

The dog sleeping in the street is dangerous.

Noun + past participle +preposition +object= Adjective Phrase

Example:

I saw the sky covered with clouds.

The crops damaged by flood greatly harm.

A saint absorbed in meditation acts condemned by religion.

Noun+Infinitive + object/adverb = Adjective Phrase.

Example:

He hopes to defeat successfully.

The boy desires to succeed in life.

The killer attempts to murder the man.

Aᴅᴠᴇʀʙɪᴀʟ Pʜʀᴀsᴇ:

যে শব্দসমষ্টি (phrase), Adverbial হিসাবে কাজ করে তাকে Adverbial বলে । আমরা জানি verb-কে “কখন” ”কোথায়” ”কিভাবে” ”কেন” দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে Adverb পাওয়া যায়। (An adverbial phrase is a group of word that acts as an Adverb. It may generally modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb denoting manner, place or time.

Example:

He behaved rudely (এখানে rudely adverb কেন না এটি ক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হওয়ার ধরণ কে নির্দেশ করেছে। কিন্ত একটি মাত্র word তাই এটি ‍adverb । এই adverb এর স্থলে in a rude manner একই অর্থ দেয় । অর্থাৎ adverb এর কাজ করে।

Example:

He behaved in a rude manner.( in a rude manner এখানে adverbial phrase. )

Read the following Adverbs and the Adverbial Phrase that are same in meaning:

Aᴅᴠᴇʀʙs Aᴅᴠᴇʀʙɪᴀʟ Pʜʀᴀsᴇ

MANNER

carefully with care.

bravely in a brave manner/with bravely.

carelessly without any care.

attentively with attention.

quickly with great speed .

PLACE

here at this place/ on this spot.

there at this place/ on that spot.

away to another place.

TIME

now/ at this very moment.

then/ at that time, moment.

soon before very long/ at an early date.

recently at present / at a recent date

More Example:

a) Samara is coming now ( এখানে now = adverb)

Samara is coming ‍at this very moment. ( এখানে at this very moment = adverbial phrase. )

b) The arrow fell here. ( এখানে here = adverb.)

The arrow fell at this place.(এখানে at this place = adverb phrase.)

c) She runs quickly.(এখানে quickly = adverb.)

He runs with great speed.(এখানে with great speed = adverbial phrase.)

d) He did not come because of his illness.(এখানে because of his illness = adverbial phrase )

✪ Tʜᴇ Sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴅᴠᴇʀʙɪᴀʟ ᴘʜʀᴀsᴇ:

✪Adverb+and+ adverb = adverbial phrase.

Example:

He is out and out (পুরোপুরি) a gentle man(এখানে out and out =adverbial phrase)

He tried heart and soul. (এখানে heart and sou =adverbial phrase.)

He beat the thief black and blue.(এখানে black and blue = adverbial phrase.)

The crow looked to and fro.(এখানে to and fro (এদিক ওদিক) =adverbial phrase.)

He helps me few and far between.(এখানে few and far between = adverbial phrase.)

✪ Every+time ( সময় জ্ঞাপক noun ) = adverbial phrase.

Example:

He comes to visit us every month.

He works in the field every morning.

Every year,  he gets the first prize.

✪ Adverbial phrase of time:- ( এটি Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়ে কাজের সময় কে নির্দেশ করে।

Example:

The sinner will suffer in the long run.( Here, in the long run ( পরিনামে) = adverbial phrase.)

He is coming in a minute.( Here, in a minute = adverbial phrase.)

Our class begins in January.( Here, in January=adverbial phrase.)

Adverbial phrase of manner : (এটি Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়ে কাজ কিভাবে সম্পন্ন হয় তা নির্দেশ করে।

Example:

Shihab ran at a great speed.(Here, at a great speed = Adverbial phrase.)

I told him the matter in a polite way.(Here, in a polite way = Adverbial phrase.)

Adverbial phrase of cause and purpose:A phrase দ্বারা উদ্দেশ্য / কারণ / ফলাফল বুঝায়।

Example :

We read more and more to make a good result.( Here, make a good result = adverbial phrase )

Suchi sold her hair to buy a gift.( Here, by a gift = adverbial phras.)

He shed tears to see the sufferings of the poor.( Here, see the sufferings of the poor = adverbial phrase)

N.B: I have been much careful to avoid mistakes. However, The Learners are most humbly requested to point out if such mistakes are detected!

........To be continued

Wʀɪᴛᴛᴇɴ & Eᴅɪᴛᴇᴅ Bʏ: Noor E Alam

Episode-3

Verb phrase :

যে সকল phrase,বাক্য ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Verb এর মতো কাজ করে তাকে verbal phrase বলে । (A verbal phrase is a combination of verb consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb with any modal and / or auxiliary verbs.The main verb basically comes last in the verb phrase.

Example:

Amreen ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ʀᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ for an hour.( এখানে, has been reading একটি verb phrase. কেননা has been reading একটি verb-এর কাজ করেছে।

Man ᴄᴀɴ'ᴛ ʟɪᴠᴇ alone.(এখানে, Can't live একটি verb phrase. যেহেতু, can't live একটি verb-এর কাজ করেছে।)

More Example:

They ᴄᴀɴ ꜰɪɴɪsʜ it within ten minutes.

He ʜᴀs ᴅᴏɴᴇ the work.

You sʜᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ the negotiation.

The decision ᴡᴀs ʙᴇɪɴɢ made.

We ᴡɪʟʟ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴊᴏɪɴ picnic tomorrow.

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্যঃ Verb phrase- কে phrasal verb/ group verb ও বলা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Principal verb- পর বিভিন্ন Adverb / Preposition বসে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।

Example:

He ʟᴏᴏᴋs ᴀꜰᴛᴇʀ his parents.

We ʟᴏᴏᴋ ꜰᴏʀ the brilliant students.

He always ᴘᴜᴛs ᴏɴ clean clothes.

She ᴛᴜʀɴᴇᴅ ᴏꜰꜰ the radio.

✪ Tʜᴇ Sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ Verb Pʜʀᴀsᴇ:

✪ Auxiliary verb + principal verb = Verb phrase

Example:

Ariba is playing with her car.

ব্যাখ্যাঃ- is playing = auxiliary +principal verb = verb phrase

✪ Modal verb + principal verb = Verb phrase

Example:

He would have told me the truth.

ব্যাখ্যাঃ- Would have told - modal + principal verb = verb phrase.

✪ Principal verb + Preposition / adverb = Verb phrase

Example:

Ariba looked for her toy.

Go on with your studies.

My mother looks after me.

We look for the brilliant student.( R.U-08-09)

✪ Propositional phrase :

যে phrase বা শব্দ সমষ্টি Proposition এর কাজ করে তাকে Propositional phrase বলে । ( A prepositional phrase does the work of a preposition.)

Example:

He succeeded ʙʏ ᴅɪɴᴛ ᴏꜰ hard labour.

Iɴ sᴘɪᴛᴇ ᴏꜰ his riches, he is unhappy.

There is a gardenɪɴ ꜰʀᴏɴᴛ ᴏꜰ my house.

I could not go to meeting ᴏɴ ᴀᴄᴄᴏᴜɴᴛ ᴏꜰ my sickness.

✪ Tʜᴇ Sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ Prepositional Pʜʀᴀsᴇ:

✪Preposition + word + Preposition = prepositional phrase

Exqample:

He stood in front of me.

He stood first by dint of his merit.

We are waiting for the bus.

He is at the point of the death.

He went to library with a view to reading books.

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্যঃ তবে একটা Preposition যোগেও prepositional phrase গঠিত হয় ।

যেমনঃ- Owing to, due to, because of.

✪ Preposition +noun = prepositional phrase

Example:

We are waiting for the bus.

He is at liberty to go anywhere.

The does not smoke before one's face.

✪ Conjunctional phrase:

যে সকল phrase বা শব্দসমষ্টি বাক্যে Conjunction-এর কাজ করে তাকে Conjunctional phrase বলে। ( Conjunctional phrase মূলতঃ- একাধিক Conjunction-এর সমন্বয়ে গঠিত হয়। )

Example:

He ᴀs ᴡᴇʟʟ ᴀs his friends has passed.

Give me ᴀs ᴍᴜᴄʜ ᴀs you can spare.

We works hard sᴏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ we can shine in life.

Come back ᴀs sᴏᴏɴ ᴀs possible.

Nᴏᴛ ᴏɴʟʏ he ʙᴜᴛ Aʟsᴏ his friends were present there.

He talk ᴀs ɪꜰ/ᴀs ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜ he were mad.

You should not go out ᴀs ʟᴏɴɢ ᴀs it rains.

He took medicine ɪɴ ᴏʀᴅᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀᴛ he might get well.

✪ Interjectional phrase: যে phrase বা শব্দসমষ্টি বাক্যে Interjection-এর কাজ করে অর্থাৎ যে phrase দ্বারা আবেগ, অনুভূতি, দুঃখ, বেদনা, আনন্দ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায় তাকে Interjectional phrase বলে।

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্যঃ- (Interjectional phrase-এর শেষে no talk exclamation ! ) থাকে।

Example:

Wʜᴀᴛ ᴀ ᴘɪᴛʏ! The man is dead. (I.U: 10-11)

Oʜ ᴅᴇᴀʀ ᴍᴇ ! What shell I do? (D.U: 02-03)

Bʏ Allah ! I shall repay the loan.

Fie! What a shame

Gᴏᴏᴅ ɢʀᴀᴄɪᴏᴜs ! He has God the first prize.

Gᴏᴏᴅ ʜᴇᴀᴠᴇɴs ! What does he say.

Fᴏʀ sʜᴀᴍᴇ ! What have you done.

Wʜᴀᴛ ᴀ ᴘɪᴛʏ! You have failed.

Hurrah! We have won the match.

Prepared by : Noor E Alam 

University of Dhaka