Completing sentences




Completing Sentence-āĻāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽাāĻŦāϞী


āχংāϰেāϜি āĻ­াāώাāϰ āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϝোāĻ—িāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟āχ completing sentence-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύা āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āύা āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•ি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে sentence āϟি complete āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āϤা āĻ িāĻ• āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āύা । āϤাāχ āύিāϚেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ†ā§ŸāϤ্āϤে āĻāύে āϰীāϤিāĻŽāϤো āϚāϰ্āϚা āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻ…āϤি āϏāĻšāϜেāχ sentence complete āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞ āĻ…āϰ্āϜিāϤ āĻšāĻŦে । āĻāĻ›া⧜া, āĻāχ āύি⧟āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো English grammar- āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ English sentence āĻ“ structure āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏāĻŽ্āϝāĻ• āϧাāϰāύা āĻĻিāϤে āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ।


 


Too ---- to āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা Enough ---- to


Rule 01: Too —— to āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা enough ——- to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে simple sentence āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, adjective āĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে too āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰে enough āĻŦāϏে। āϤাāĻ›া⧜া noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে too much/too many/enough āĻŦāϏে। āĻāĻĻেāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞোঃ


a) Sub + verb + too + adj / adv + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


b) Sub + verb + adj / adv + enough + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


c) Sub + verb + enough / too much / too many + noun + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. The man was too weak —————.


A. The man was too weak to walk.


Q. The load is too heavy for her —————.


A. The load is too heavy for her to carry.


Q. —————- to complete in time.


A. He works too slowly to complete in time.


Q. It is too interesting a matter for us ————-.


A. It is too interesting a matter for us to overlook.


Q. Raju is strong enough to ---------.


A. Raju is strong enough to defeat anybody.


Q. Jony had enough intelligence ---------.


A. Jony had enough intelligence to get love.


Q. He has too much money to --------.


A. He has too much money to purchase anything anytime.


Q. At times it creates too many problems for me - --------.


A. At times it creates too many problems for me to solve.


 


So ——- that


Rule 02: So ——- that āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, that-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ clause-āϟিāϤে āĻŽূāϞ াāĻŦāϤ্āύ-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে tense āĻ“ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী can/could/cannot /could not āĻŦāϏে। āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞোঃ


a) Sub1 + verb + so + adj / adv + that + sub2 + can /could / cannot / could not + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. The patient was so weak ————-.


A. The patient was so weak that he could not walk.


Q. Their throats were so dry ————-.


A. Their throats were so dry that they couldn’t speak.


Q. He is so expert that ————-.


A. He is so expert that he can solve it easily.


Q. She is ————that she can understand it quickly.


A. She is so intelligent that she can understand it quickly.


Q. He plays so skilfully ————. (modal āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻ•āϰুāύ)


A. He plays so skilfully that everybody gets amused.


 


So that āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in order that (āϝাāϤে)


Rule 03: So that āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in order that āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, that-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ clause-āϟিāϤে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে tense āĻ“ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী can/could/may/might/will āĻŦāϏে। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে can/could āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে may/might āĻŦāϏে। āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞোঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ——- + so that / in order that + sub2 + can /could / may / might / will + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. The girl read attentively so that ————.


A. The girl read attentively so that she could pass.


Q. We eat so that —————.


A. We eat so that we may live. ( āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে )


Q. The lady flattered John so that ————-.


A. The lady flattered John so that she could exploit him.


Q. ——————- that they may get harvest.


A. The farmers sow seeds that they may get harvest.


Q. I closed the door so that he ————.


A. I closed the door so that he might not enter the room.


Q. She saved money in order that ————-.


A. She saved money in order that she could buy a gift.


 


Provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case    


Rule 04: Provided/provided that/providing that/if/whether /in case (āϝāĻĻি) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϝāĻĻি। āĻāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি clause āĻŦāϏি⧟ে sentence-āϟি complete āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞোঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ——- + provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case + sub2 + verb + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. She will shine in life provided that ————-.


A. She will shine in life provided that she works hard.


Q. The plane will take off provided ————-.


A. The plane will take off provided the weather is good.


Q. I must agree to go providing that ————.


A. I must agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.


Q. ——————— if circumstances favour us.


A. We’ll start our programme if circumstances favour us.


Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ————-.


A. I’ve bought a chicken in case her sister stays to lunch.


Q. I’m not sure whether/if ————-.


A. I’m not sure whether/if I’ll have time.


Q. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case ————-.


A. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case Roger comes.


 


Lest ---- should āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা In case --- should


Rule 05: Lest āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in case āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒাāĻ›ে āϭ⧟ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝে (for fear that) / āϝāĻĻি āϘāϟে (by chance)। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻāϟি negative āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāχ lest āĻŦা in case āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝে clause- āϟি āφāϰāĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāϤে no āĻŦা not āĻŦāϏে āύা। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, lest āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in case- āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ clause āϟিāϤে āĻŽূāϞ verb- āĻāϰ base form – āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী should (āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻļেāώে might/would) āĻŦāϏে। āϤāĻŦে āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻļেāώে āĻāĻŦং subjunctive mood- āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে should / might / would āĻŦāϏে āύা। āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞোঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + should / might / would + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


b) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + verb āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. I wrote down her address in case ---------.


A. I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.


Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ---------.


A. I’ve bought a chicken in case Rafi should stay to lunch.


Q. They kept watch all night lest ---------.


A. They kept watch all night lest robbers should come.


Q. We must take care lest ---------.


A. We must take care lest evil thoughts enter our hearts.


Q. We must take immediate action lest, --------.


A. We must take immediate action lest, it grow worse.


Q. He hid in the woods lest ----------.


A. He hid in the woods lest the soldiers would find him.


Q. ------------ you should miss the train.


A. Walk fast lest you should miss the train.


 


Unless / If not / Except if


Rule 06: Unless / if not / except if āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϝāĻĻি āύা। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻāϟি negative āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāχ unless / if not / except if āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝে clause- āϟি āφāϰāĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāϤে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ no āĻŦা  not āĻŦāϏে āύা। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, unless / if not / except if – āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ clause- āϟিāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦা āĻĒāϰে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি clause āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে sentence- āϟি complete āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Unless/Except if + sub1 + affirmative verb ---- + ,+ sub2 + verb ----.


b) Sub1 + verb ----- + unless/except if + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.


c) Sub1 + verb ----- + if + sub2 + negative verb---.


 


Q. Unless you start at once, --------.


A. Unless you start at once, you will miss the train.


Q. Please come here tomorrow unless --------.


A. Please come here tomorrow unless I phone.


Q. I’ll take the job unless -------.


A. I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low.


Q. My wife will be upset if -------.


A. My wife will be upset if I don’t get back tomorrow.


Q. -------------, my father will be angry.


A. If I do not study properly, my father will be angry.


Q. I’ll be back tomorrow except if --------.


A. I’ll be back tomorrow except if there’s a plane strike.


 


Until āĻāĻŦং Till


Rule 07: Till āĻāĻŦং until āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāϞে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āĻ•োāύāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। Until āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϝে āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āύা (till not) āĻāĻŦং till āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϝে āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ (up to)। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, until / till –āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে clause āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āύা āĻšāϞে until / till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟। āϤāĻŦে āϝেāĻšেāϤু until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা negative āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟ āϤাāχ until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝে clause- āϟি āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ āϏে clause- āĻ no āĻŦা not āĻŦāϏে āύা। āφāĻŦাāϰ āϤিāϞ্āϞ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা affirmative āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟ āĻŦāϞে till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝে clause- āϟি āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ āϏে clause- āϟি negative āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। Until / till-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Until / till + affirmative clause


b) Till + negative clause


c) Till / until + word / phrase


 


Q. Wait until --------.


A. Wait until the rain stops.


Q. Await me till --------.


A. Await me till I do not come back.


Q. His mother will be nursing him until -------.


A. His mother will be nursing him until he comes round.


Q. My wife will wait till -------.


A. My wife will wait till I do not telephone.


Q. ---------- until / till I hear from you.


A. I’ll wait until / till I hear from you.


Q. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till -------.


A. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till midnight.


 


As long as / So long as


Rule 08: As long as / so long as āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϝāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা condition āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, as long as / so long as āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ affirmative clause āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। As long as / so long as āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Sub1 + verb ------- + as long as / so long as + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.


 


Q. He’s welcome to stay as long as --------.


A. He’s welcome to stay as long as I can afford.


Q. I’ll remember that day as long as -------.


A. I’ll remember that day as long as I live.


Q. ---------- so long as you drive carefully.


A. You may take my car so long as you drive carefully.


Q. Wait here as long as -------.


A. Wait here as long as it rains.


Q. Allah will be with us so long as -------.


A. Allah will be with us so long as our aim is honest.


Q. ---------- as long as she could.


A. Shania worked as long as she could.


 


It is time / It is high time


Rule 09: It is time / It is high time āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে infinitive phrase āĻ•িংāĻŦা past indefinite tense-āĻāϰ clause āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āϤāĻŦে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে infinitive phrase āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āχāϤোāĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĒাāϰ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে āϤাāχ āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻ āĻŽুāĻšূāϰ্āϤেāχ āĻ•াāϜāϟি āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰা āωāϚিāϤ āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ past indefinite tense-āĻāϰ clause āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা present tense-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟। It is time āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে It is high time āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻŦেāĻļি āϜোāϰ / āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦ āĻŦুāĻা⧟। It is time / It is high time āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) It is time / It is high time + (for + object)+ to + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


b) It is time / It is high time + sub2 + verb-āĻāϰ past form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. It is time to --------.


A. It is time to start the work.


Q. It is high time for us to --------.


A. It is high time for us to attack the enemy.


Q. It is time we -------.


A. It is time we started our business.


Q. ---------- time they changed their eating habits.


A. It’s high time they changed their eating habits.


Q. It’s time we -------.


A. It’s time we earned our livelihood.


 


Let alone


Rule 10: Let alone āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϞো “āĻ­াāĻŦা āϝা⧟ āύা”, “āĻ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āύিঃāĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ”, “āϤো āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা” āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা “āϤা āφāϰ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি” āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি। Let alone āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ negative āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻļেāώে affirmative āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। Let alone-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Sub + negative verb + āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ›োāϟ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু + āĻ•āĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻŦ⧜ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু ।


b) Sub + affirmative verb + āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻŦ⧜ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু + āĻ•āĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ›োāϟ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু।


 


Q. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone --------.


A. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone ten kilometres.


Q. She cannot visit a small town, let alone -------.


A. She cannot visit a small town, let alone a big city.


Q. -----------, let alone one shirt.


A. I can purchase ten shirts, let alone one shirt.


Q. Lisa may get first division, let --------.


A. Lisa may get first division, let alone third division.


Q. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone----.


A. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone an ice cream.


 


Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire


Rule 11: Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে āĻŦāϏে āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āχāϚ্āĻ›া, āφāĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ•্āώা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻ•ে past unreal fact / subjunctive past tense āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ past simple tense āĻāϰ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϤা present āĻ•িংāĻŦা future tense-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϞে āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏāϰ্āĻŦ্āĻĻা were āĻŦāϏে। Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Would that / If + sub + verb-āĻāϰ past form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ + !


b) Had + sub + object + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ + !


c) I wish / I desire + sub + verb-āĻāϰ past form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ + .


 


Q. If I --------!


A. If I were a child again!


Q. Would that he --------!


A. Would that he stood first in the exam!


Q. Had I the --------!


A. Had I the wings of a bird!


Q. ------- I were a king.


A. I wish I were a king.


Q. I desire he -------.


A. I desire he were alive today.


Q. If only I ------!


A. If only I knew more people!


Q. I wish it --------.


A. I wish it were Saturday.


 


If/Had ......... would/could/might/should


Rule 12: If / Had āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ—āĻ িāϤ sentence āĻ āĻĻুāϟি clause āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ clause-āϟিāϤে would / could / might / should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻ āĻāĻ•āϟি clause past simple tense-āĻāϰ āĻšāϞে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ clause āϟিāĻ“ past simple tense-āĻāϰ āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϟি clause past perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻšāϞে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ clause āϟিāĻ“ past perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻšāĻŦে। āφāĻŦাāϰ, past simple tense-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে verb āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϞে āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা were āĻŦāϏে। If / Had āϝুāĻ•্āϤ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) If + sub1 + verb-āĻāϰ past form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ + , + sub2 + would / could / might / should + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


b) If + sub1 + had + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ + , + sub2 + would have / could have / might have + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. If I had another $5000, I -------.


A. If I had another $5000, I could buy a car.


Q. If you asked me nicely, I -------.


A. If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink.


Q. If he had run a bit faster, he -------.


A. If he had run a bit faster, he could have won.


Q. Had -----------, I might have realised it easily.


A. Had I not been so tired, I might have realised it easily.


Q. If I knew her name, I --------.


A. If I knew her name, I should tell you.


Q. If ------- you I should stop smoking.


A. If I were you I should stop smoking.


 


Subjunctive Mood


Rule 13: āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•োāύ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ, āφāĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļিāϤ āĻŦুāĻা⧟, āϤāĻ–āύ āωāĻ•্āϤ sentence-āϟিāϤে subjunctive mood āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟। Subjunctive Mood āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ sentence-āϟি present, past āĻ•িংāĻŦা future tense āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু that-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ clause-āϟিāϰ verb-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে s, es, ing, ed āĻŦা modal āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϏāϰ্āĻŦ্āĻĻা verb āĻāϰ base form āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻ āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ advice, advise, ask, demand, desire, desirable, essential, imperative, importance, important, insist, insistence, necessary, prefer, preferable, preference, propose, proposal, recommend, recommendation, request, require, requirement, suggest, suggestion, urge, vital āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰে that āĻĻি⧟ে āĻāĻ•āϟি clause āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Subjunctive Mood-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Sub1 + verb--- + that + sub2 + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


b) Sub + verb--- + to + verb-āĻāϰ base form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ


 


Q. It is essential that every child --------.


A. It is essential that every child have the same facilities.


Q. It was important that James --------.


A. It was important that James write to Uncle Arthur soon.


Q. It was important that James --------. (British Rule)


A. It was important that James wrote to Uncle Arthur soon.


Q. It is essential to --------.


A. It is essential to solve the problem.


Q. Our advice is that the company --------.


A. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment.


Q. God -------- the King/Queen.


A. God save the King/Queen. (fixed phrase)


Q. God -------- you.


A. God bless you. (fixed phrase)


Q. It is important that Helen --------.


A. It is important that Helen be present that time.


Q. The doctor suggested that she -------.


A. The doctor suggested that she not smoke.


Q. ------------ that the prerequisite be waved.


A. She refused the request that the prerequisite be waved.


 


To be + adjective / noun / noun phrase


Rule 14: āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে feel, suppose, imagine, report, discover, know, judge, assume, consider, find, think, believe, declare, prove āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ to be + adjective / noun āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻļুāϧু adjective / noun āĻŦāϏি⧟ে sentence-āϟিāĻ•ে complete āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻ āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ•āĻ–āύো to be + noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে to be + noun phrase āĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Subject + āωāĻ•্āϤ verb + object + to be + adjective / noun


b) Subject + āωāĻ•্āϤ verb + (object) + adjective / noun


 


Q. I know him to --------.


A. I know him to be honest.


Q. We supposed him to be --------.


A. We supposed him to be a gentle man.


Q. The lady was judged to be ---------.


A. The lady was judged to be guilty.


Q. ------------ herself to be great.


A. She never imagined herself to be great.


Q. We considered him --------.


A. We considered him honest. (OR, to be honest.)


Q. I believe my students -------.


A. I believe my students sincere. (OR, to be sincere.)


Q. The man is reported to --------.


A. The man is reported to be a spy.


Q. We assumed her to be -------.


A. We assumed her to be innocent.


Q. They discovered the guard --------.


A. They discovered the guard to be faithful.


Q. We felt the decision to --------.


A. We felt the decision to be wise.


Q. The chief guest declared the sports ---------.


A. The chief guest declared the sports open.


 


As + adjective / noun (phrase)


Rule 15: āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি, conjunction āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে as āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϞে āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻŦা āϝেāĻšেāϤু। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে regard, treat, condemn, acknowledge, accept, take (for), consider, know, define, describe, interpret, use, recognize āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļে as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase āĻŦāϏি⧟ে sentence- āϟিāĻ•ে complete āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āĻāĻŦং āϤāĻ–āύ as āĻāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŽāϤো। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Subject +  verb + object + as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase.


 


Q. He treats me as -------.


A. He treats me as innocent.


Q. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as --------.


A. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as a pious man.


Q. ------------ Mir Jafar as treacherous.


A. People condemn Mir Jafar as treacherous.


Q. Nobody can accept her as --------.


A. Nobody can accept her as his well-wisher.


Q. I took him ---------.


A. I took him for my friend. (take āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে as āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে for āĻŦāϏে)


Q. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as ------.


A. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as great.


Q. Everybody recognised him --------.


A. Everybody recognised him as the lawful heir.


 


The place ... where * The time ... when


Rule 16: āĻ•োāύ incomplete sentence-āĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ (place) āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞে āωāĻ•্āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰে where + subject + verb --- āĻŦāϏি⧟ে sentence-āϟি complete āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞে āωāĻ•্āϤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻĒāϰে when + subject + verb --- āĻŦāϏি⧟ে sentence-āϟি complete āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Sub1+verb+the place+where+sub2+verb+-----.


b) Sub1+verb+the time+when+sub2+verb+-----.


 


Q. Sirajganj is the place -------.


A. Sirajganj is the place where I was born.


Q. 10:00 A.M. is the time --------.


A. 10:00 A.M. is the time when I go to office.


Q. A railway station is the place -------.


A. A railway station is the place where trains stop.


Q. 1971 is the year -------.


A. 1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent.


Q. ------------ where UNESCO Headquarter is.


A. Paris is the city where UNESCO Headquarter is.


Q. Saturday is the day --------.


A. Saturday is the day when the week begins.


Q. Dhaka is the place where --------.


A. Dhaka is the place where most of the city dwellers live.


Q. New York is the city -------.


A. New York is the city where business magnets reside.


Q. ------------ day when all Muslims go to mosque.


A. Friday is the day when all Muslims go to mosque.


Q. Stadium is the venue --------.


A. Stadium is the venue where spectators go for rejoice.


 


Scarcely had ...... when, Hardly had ...... when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ..... than


Rule 17: Scarcely had ------ when, Hardly had --- --when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ------ than  āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ past perfect tense āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা negative āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āϏেāĻšেāϤু āĻāϤে no, not, never āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে āύা। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻāϰ when āĻŦা than āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻ•ে past perfect tense āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻ•ে past indefinite tense. āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻāϰূāĻĒ negative-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āϝেāĻŽāύ- no sooner, scarcely, hardly, a little, barely, never, nor, rarely, neither āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি) āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ•োāύ sentence āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞে āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে auxiliary verb-āϟি (āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ had) subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে। āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ sentence-āĻāϰ structure āĻ“ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āύিāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞো।


a) Scarcely + had + sub1 +  past participle form---- + when + sub2 +  past form of form-----.


b) Hardly + had + sub1 + past participle form---- + when + sub2 +  past form-----.


c) No sooner + had + sub1 +  past participle form---- + than + sub2 +  past form-----.


 


Q. Scarcely had I reached the station --------.


A. Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left.


Q. -------------- when he ran away.


A. Hardly had the police reached there when he ran away.


Q. Hardly had we reached college -------.


A. Hardly had we reached college when the exam began.


Q. ------------ than it began to rain.


A. No sooner had we gone outside than it began to rain.


Q. No sooner had I got to the station -------.


A. No sooner had I got to the station than the train left.


Q. ------------ when it went out of sight.


A. Hardly had he looked at it when it went out of sight.


 


Verb + ing āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ


Rule 18: āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻ admit, agree, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, regret, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, start, stop, suggest, tolerate, can’t help, couldn’t help āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻ•িংāĻŦা preposition (āϝেāĻŽāύ- at, on, out, up, in, about, over, under, for, from, of, off, by, without, except, besides, through, after, before, while āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি)-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা object to, look forward to, confess to, accustomed to, get used to, be used to, committed to, with a view to āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি verb phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϏাāϧেāϰāύāϤ “verb+ing+ āφāύুāϏাংāĻ—িāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ” āĻŦāϏে। āϤāĻŦে āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻļেāώে verb+ing…-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে noun / noun phrase / pronoun- āĻ“ āĻŦāϏāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


 


Q. She is considering ____.


A. She is considering not attending the party.


Q. Mahi missed _____ when he was travelling.


A. Maho missed watching the news when he was travelling.


Q. Would you mind ______?


A. Would you mind picking up the load, please?


Q. They have stopped ______.


A. They have stopped smoking due to its bad effects.


Q. The man forgot about _____.


A. The man forgot about cancelling his appointment.


Q. ----------- to receiving a letter from you.


A. She is looking forward to receiving a letter from you.


Q. I got used to ----------.


A. I got used to bathing in the river daily.


Q. ----------- to purchasing a book.


A. She went to market with a view to purchasing a book.


Q. ----------- help shedding her tears.


A. The lady could not help shedding her tears.


 


As though / As if āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ


Rule 19: āĻ•োāύ Senten toce-āĻ as though / as if āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect tense āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĒāϰে past indefinite tense āĻšāĻŦে, āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে past indefinite tense āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĒāϰে past perfect tense āĻšāĻŦে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


a) Present indefinite / perfect tense + as though / as if + past indefinite tense.


b) Past indefinite tense + as though / as if + past perfect tense.


 


Q. He talks to me as though ------------.


A. He talks to me as though he knew everything.


Q. She proceeded as if --------.


A. She proceeded as if I had not spoken anything.


Q. Mr. Rasel behaves as if --------.


A. Mr. Rasel behaves as if he were all in all in this office.


Q. He submitted the form quickly as if --------.


A. He submitted the form quickly as if it had been the last.


Q. ---------- as though she informed the police.


A. The girl talks as though she informed the police.


 


Subject āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে Verb āĻŦāϏে


Rule 20: Subject-āĻāϰ āĻ িāĻ• āĻĒāϰেāχ together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as, with, including āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāϟিāĻ•েāχ Subject āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϧāϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŦিāϧা⧟ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦাংāĻļেāϰ āĻāϰ Subject-āϟি Singular āĻšāϞে Verb-āĻ“ Singular āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Subject-āϟি Plural āĻšāϞে Verb-āĻ“ Plural āĻšāĻŦে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


 


Q. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, ------------.


A. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, is going to the party.


Q. ------------ colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.


A. I, with my friends, teachers and other colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.


Q. ----------- friends has done the work.


A. Samir as well as his friends has done the work.


Q. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, ------------.


A. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, is leaving Dhaka tonight.


 


So, too, also āĻĻি⧟ে affirmative agreement


Rule 21: āĻ•োāύ Sentence-āĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ So, too āĻāĻŦং also āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻŦুāĻাāϞেāĻ“ so āĻŦāϏে auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু too āĻāĻŦং also āĻŦāϏে auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•োāύ verb (āϝেāĻŽāύ be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ clause-āĻ āωāĻ•্āϤ auxiliary verb āϟিāĻ•েāχ so, too āĻŦা also-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•োāύ verb āύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ clause-āĻ person āĻ“ tense āĻ…āύু্āϝা⧟ী so, too āĻ•িংāĻŦা also-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।


a) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + so + auxiliary verb + subject2


b) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + auxiliary verb + also / too


 


Q. ------------, and I will also.


A. She will talk to him, and I will also.


Q. ------------, and her friend did too.


A. She went there, and her friend did too.


Q. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so ----- her sister.


A. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so does her sister.


Q. ----------- watching TV, and so does his brother.


A. Samara enjoys watching TV, and so does his brother.


 


Either, neither āĻĻি⧟ে negative agreement


Rule 22: āĻ•োāύ Sentence-āĻ neither āĻāĻŦং either āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“ neither āĻŦāϏে affirmative auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু either āĻŦāϏে negative auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•োāύ verb (āϝেāĻŽāύ- be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ clause-āĻ āωāĻ•্āϤ auxiliary verb-āϟিāĻ•েāχ neither āĻŦা either-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•োāύ verb āύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ clause-āĻ person āĻ“ tense āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী neither-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻāĻŦং either-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে do not (=don’t), does not (=doesn’t) āĻŦা did not (=didn’t) āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


a) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject2


b) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + negative auxiliary verb + either


 


Q. She did not attend the party, and neither -------.


A. She did not attend the party, and neither did I.


Q. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend ----------.


A. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend hasn’t either.


Q. ------------, and Mahi did not either.


A. Bashir did not ask any oral test, and Mahi did not either.


 


Introductory Verbal Modifier-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ


Rule 23: Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŽাāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϝে main clause-āϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϏেāχ main clause-āĻāϰ subject-āϟি introductory verbal modifier-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻ•্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ•্āϤ āĻ“ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤাāχ introductory verbal modifier-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ main clause āϟিāϰ subject āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ personal subject (āϝেāĻŽāύ- he, she, we, I, you, they, Jennie, Judai āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ) āĻšā§Ÿ। Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ main clause-āϟি āĻ•āĻ–āύো passive form / passive voice-āĻāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


a) Introductory verbal modifier + , + personal subject + active voice-Gi verb + ---------- +.


 


Q. After graduating from Dhaka College, ---------.


A. After graduating from Dhaka College, Mr. Shahed continued his studies at IBA of Dhaka University.


Q. To protect ourselves from cold, ------------.


A. To protect ourselves from cold, we wear warm clothes.


Q. After finishing her speech, -----------.


A. After finishing her speech, she invited the audience to ask questions.


Q. Having -----------, Shimu went to college.


A. Having taken his meal, Shohana went to college.


 


Past Indicating Words āĻĻি⧟ে Sentence


Rule 24: āĻ•োāύ Sentence-āĻ Past Indicating Word āĻŦা āĻ…āϤীāϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āϝেāĻŽāύ- yesterday, once, once upon a time, ago, long long ago, that day, that night, that---, last year, last---, in those days, then, so-called, during the reign of ---, at the age of ---, in 1985, in childhood, at the beginning of ---, in ancient time āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āωāĻ•্āϤ Sentence-āϟিāĻ•ে Past Tense (āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ Pat Simple / Perfect Tense) āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, Sentence-āϟিāϤে āĻĻুāϟি āϘāϟāύা āĻŦāϰ্āύিāϤ āĻšāϞে āϤাāĻ•ে Past Perfect Tense āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


 


Q. Mridula ---------- last night.


A. Rahi came home last night.


Q. Jerry --------- at the age of four.


A. Jerry came to the orphanage at the age of four.


Q. In those days there -------- ships.


A. In those days there were no steam ships.


Q. ----------- before I joined the company.


A. I had completed the thesis before I joined the company.


 


Since-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ


Rule 25: Since-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĒāϰে past indefinite āĻšāĻŦে; āφāĻŦাāϰ since-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে past indefinite āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻĒāϰে past perfect āĻšāĻŦে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


a) Present indefinite / perfect + since + past indefinite


b) Past indefinite + since + past perfect


 


Q. Many years have passed since ----------.


A. Many years have passed since his friend met him first.


Q. It was long since -----------.


A. It was long since I had seen her last.


Q. ------------ since she visited the zoo.


A. Few years are over since she visited the Taj.


 


Not only ------ but also-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ


Rule 26: āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻ not only-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϝে āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϏāĻŽāώ্āϟি āĻŦāϏে but also-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϏāĻŽāώ্āϟি  āĻŦāϏে। āϤāĻŦে āĻ•োāύ sentence-āĻāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে not only āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে but also-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϏāĻŽāώ্āϟি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰ verb + ---- āĻ“ āĻŦāϏে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


 


Q. They are weak not only ----------.


A. They are weak not only in Biology but also in English.


Q. Not only she -----------.


A. Not only she but also her sister attended the party.


Q. ------------ but also takes physical exercise regularly.


A. Sarika not only studies attentively but also takes physical exercise regularly.


Q. ---------- but also submissive.


A. She is not only kind but also submissive. 

Prepared by Noor E Alam

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

HSC English First Paper | Unit: 1, Lesson: 1 | People or Institutions Making History | Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President

Comprehension

Report writing