Completing sentences
Completing Sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻ¨িā§āĻŽাāĻŦāĻ˛ী
āĻংāĻ°েāĻি āĻাāĻˇাāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻোāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻ¯োāĻিāĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ীāĻ্āĻˇাā§ āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§āĻ completing sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻিāĻু āĻ¨া āĻিāĻু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻšā§ে āĻĨাāĻে। āĻ āĻ¨েāĻেāĻ āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা āĻিāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে sentence āĻি complete āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§ āĻ¤া āĻ িāĻ āĻŦুāĻāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া । āĻ¤াāĻ āĻ¨িāĻেāĻ° āĻ¨িā§āĻŽāĻুāĻ˛ো āĻā§āĻ¤্āĻ¤ে āĻāĻ¨ে āĻ°ীāĻ¤িāĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻāĻ°্āĻা āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻ āĻ¤ি āĻ¸āĻšāĻেāĻ sentence complete āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻৌāĻļāĻ˛ āĻ āĻ°্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦে । āĻāĻাā§া, āĻāĻ āĻ¨িā§āĻŽāĻুāĻ˛ো English grammar- āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ ংāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻাāĻŦে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯োāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° English sentence āĻ structure āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ¯āĻ āĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨া āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽ।
Too ---- to āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা Enough ---- to
Rule 01: Too —— to āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা enough ——- to āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে simple sentence āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, adjective āĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে too āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻ°ে enough āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻাā§া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে too much/too many/enough āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻĻেāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
a) Sub + verb + too + adj / adv + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
b) Sub + verb + adj / adv + enough + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
c) Sub + verb + enough / too much / too many + noun + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. The man was too weak —————.
A. The man was too weak to walk.
Q. The load is too heavy for her —————.
A. The load is too heavy for her to carry.
Q. —————- to complete in time.
A. He works too slowly to complete in time.
Q. It is too interesting a matter for us ————-.
A. It is too interesting a matter for us to overlook.
Q. Raju is strong enough to ---------.
A. Raju is strong enough to defeat anybody.
Q. Jony had enough intelligence ---------.
A. Jony had enough intelligence to get love.
Q. He has too much money to --------.
A. He has too much money to purchase anything anytime.
Q. At times it creates too many problems for me - --------.
A. At times it creates too many problems for me to solve.
So ——- that
Rule 02: So ——- that āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে complex sentence āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ াāĻŦāĻ¤্āĻ¨-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে tense āĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§ী can/could/cannot /could not āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
a) Sub1 + verb + so + adj / adv + that + sub2 + can /could / cannot / could not + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. The patient was so weak ————-.
A. The patient was so weak that he could not walk.
Q. Their throats were so dry ————-.
A. Their throats were so dry that they couldn’t speak.
Q. He is so expert that ————-.
A. He is so expert that he can solve it easily.
Q. She is ————that she can understand it quickly.
A. She is so intelligent that she can understand it quickly.
Q. He plays so skilfully ————. (modal āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ে āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨)
A. He plays so skilfully that everybody gets amused.
So that āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা in order that (āĻ¯াāĻ¤ে)
Rule 03: So that āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা in order that āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে complex sentence āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে tense āĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§ী can/could/may/might/will āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨে can/could āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨে may/might āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
a) Sub1 + verb ——- + so that / in order that + sub2 + can /could / may / might / will + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. The girl read attentively so that ————.
A. The girl read attentively so that she could pass.
Q. We eat so that —————.
A. We eat so that we may live. ( āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨে )
Q. The lady flattered John so that ————-.
A. The lady flattered John so that she could exploit him.
Q. ——————- that they may get harvest.
A. The farmers sow seeds that they may get harvest.
Q. I closed the door so that he ————.
A. I closed the door so that he might not enter the room.
Q. She saved money in order that ————-.
A. She saved money in order that she could buy a gift.
Provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case
Rule 04: Provided/provided that/providing that/if/whether /in case (āĻ¯āĻĻি) āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻĻি। āĻāĻি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে complex sentence āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻāĻি clause āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে sentence-āĻি complete āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
a) Sub1 + verb ——- + provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case + sub2 + verb + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. She will shine in life provided that ————-.
A. She will shine in life provided that she works hard.
Q. The plane will take off provided ————-.
A. The plane will take off provided the weather is good.
Q. I must agree to go providing that ————.
A. I must agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.
Q. ——————— if circumstances favour us.
A. We’ll start our programme if circumstances favour us.
Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ————-.
A. I’ve bought a chicken in case her sister stays to lunch.
Q. I’m not sure whether/if ————-.
A. I’m not sure whether/if I’ll have time.
Q. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case ————-.
A. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case Roger comes.
Lest ---- should āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা In case --- should
Rule 05: Lest āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা in case āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒাāĻে āĻā§ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ে (for fear that) / āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻāĻে (by chance)। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻি negative āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻ lest āĻŦা in case āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻি āĻāĻ°āĻŽ্āĻ āĻšā§ āĻ¤াāĻ¤ে no āĻŦা not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, lest āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা in case- āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause āĻিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ verb- āĻāĻ° base form – āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§ী should (āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে might/would) āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে āĻāĻŦং subjunctive mood- āĻāĻ° āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে should / might / would āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
a) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + should / might / would + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
b) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + verb āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. I wrote down her address in case ---------.
A. I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.
Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ---------.
A. I’ve bought a chicken in case Rafi should stay to lunch.
Q. They kept watch all night lest ---------.
A. They kept watch all night lest robbers should come.
Q. We must take care lest ---------.
A. We must take care lest evil thoughts enter our hearts.
Q. We must take immediate action lest, --------.
A. We must take immediate action lest, it grow worse.
Q. He hid in the woods lest ----------.
A. He hid in the woods lest the soldiers would find him.
Q. ------------ you should miss the train.
A. Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
Unless / If not / Except if
Rule 06: Unless / if not / except if āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ¨া। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻি negative āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻ unless / if not / except if āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻি āĻāĻ°āĻŽ্āĻ āĻšā§ āĻ¤াāĻ¤ে āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ no āĻŦা not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, unless / if not / except if – āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause- āĻিāĻ° āĻāĻে āĻŦা āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ্āĻāĻ¤িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻāĻ°েāĻāĻি clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে sentence- āĻি complete āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Unless/Except if + sub1 + affirmative verb ---- + ,+ sub2 + verb ----.
b) Sub1 + verb ----- + unless/except if + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.
c) Sub1 + verb ----- + if + sub2 + negative verb---.
Q. Unless you start at once, --------.
A. Unless you start at once, you will miss the train.
Q. Please come here tomorrow unless --------.
A. Please come here tomorrow unless I phone.
Q. I’ll take the job unless -------.
A. I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low.
Q. My wife will be upset if -------.
A. My wife will be upset if I don’t get back tomorrow.
Q. -------------, my father will be angry.
A. If I do not study properly, my father will be angry.
Q. I’ll be back tomorrow except if --------.
A. I’ll be back tomorrow except if there’s a plane strike.
Until āĻāĻŦং Till
Rule 07: Till āĻāĻŦং until āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻোāĻ¨āĻি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§। Until āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ে āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ¨া (till not) āĻāĻŦং till āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ে āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ (up to)। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, until / till –āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ˛ে until / till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻĒাā§। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া negative āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻĒাā§ āĻ¤াāĻ until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšā§ āĻ¸ে clause- āĻ no āĻŦা not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻāĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¤িāĻ˛্āĻ˛ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া affirmative āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻĒাā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ে till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšā§ āĻ¸ে clause- āĻি negative āĻĻিā§ে āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§। Until / till-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Until / till + affirmative clause
b) Till + negative clause
c) Till / until + word / phrase
Q. Wait until --------.
A. Wait until the rain stops.
Q. Await me till --------.
A. Await me till I do not come back.
Q. His mother will be nursing him until -------.
A. His mother will be nursing him until he comes round.
Q. My wife will wait till -------.
A. My wife will wait till I do not telephone.
Q. ---------- until / till I hear from you.
A. I’ll wait until / till I hear from you.
Q. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till -------.
A. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till midnight.
As long as / So long as
Rule 08: As long as / so long as āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া condition āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, as long as / so long as āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ affirmative clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§। As long as / so long as āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Sub1 + verb ------- + as long as / so long as + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.
Q. He’s welcome to stay as long as --------.
A. He’s welcome to stay as long as I can afford.
Q. I’ll remember that day as long as -------.
A. I’ll remember that day as long as I live.
Q. ---------- so long as you drive carefully.
A. You may take my car so long as you drive carefully.
Q. Wait here as long as -------.
A. Wait here as long as it rains.
Q. Allah will be with us so long as -------.
A. Allah will be with us so long as our aim is honest.
Q. ---------- as long as she could.
A. Shania worked as long as she could.
It is time / It is high time
Rule 09: It is time / It is high time āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে infinitive phrase āĻিংāĻŦা past indefinite tense-āĻāĻ° clause āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻোāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻšā§েāĻে āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¤ে infinitive phrase āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻোāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻāĻ¤োāĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻĒাāĻ° āĻšā§ে āĻেāĻে āĻ¤াāĻ āĻŦিāĻ˛āĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ে āĻ āĻŽুāĻšূāĻ°্āĻ¤েāĻ āĻাāĻāĻি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻāĻ°া āĻāĻিāĻ¤ āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ past indefinite tense-āĻāĻ° clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া present tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻĒাā§। It is time āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে It is high time āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻোāĻ° / āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻŦুāĻাā§। It is time / It is high time āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) It is time / It is high time + (for + object)+ to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
b) It is time / It is high time + sub2 + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. It is time to --------.
A. It is time to start the work.
Q. It is high time for us to --------.
A. It is high time for us to attack the enemy.
Q. It is time we -------.
A. It is time we started our business.
Q. ---------- time they changed their eating habits.
A. It’s high time they changed their eating habits.
Q. It’s time we -------.
A. It’s time we earned our livelihood.
Let alone
Rule 10: Let alone āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ো “āĻাāĻŦা āĻ¯াā§ āĻ¨া”, “āĻ āĻāĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ¨িঃāĻĒ্āĻ°ā§োāĻāĻ¨”, “āĻ¤ো āĻĻূāĻ°েāĻ° āĻāĻĨা” āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা “āĻ¤া āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি” āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি। Let alone āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ negative āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে affirmative āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। Let alone-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Sub + negative verb + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻোāĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু + āĻāĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু ।
b) Sub + affirmative verb + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু + āĻāĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻোāĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু।
Q. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone --------.
A. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone ten kilometres.
Q. She cannot visit a small town, let alone -------.
A. She cannot visit a small town, let alone a big city.
Q. -----------, let alone one shirt.
A. I can purchase ten shirts, let alone one shirt.
Q. Lisa may get first division, let --------.
A. Lisa may get first division, let alone third division.
Q. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone----.
A. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone an ice cream.
Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire
Rule 11: Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ্āĻা, āĻāĻাāĻ্āĻ্āĻˇা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻে past unreal fact / subjunctive past tense āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšā§। āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨ past simple tense āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ āĻ¤া present āĻিংāĻŦা future tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦ্āĻĻা were āĻŦāĻ¸ে। Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Would that / If + sub + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + !
b) Had + sub + object + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + !
c) I wish / I desire + sub + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + .
Q. If I --------!
A. If I were a child again!
Q. Would that he --------!
A. Would that he stood first in the exam!
Q. Had I the --------!
A. Had I the wings of a bird!
Q. ------- I were a king.
A. I wish I were a king.
Q. I desire he -------.
A. I desire he were alive today.
Q. If only I ------!
A. If only I knew more people!
Q. I wish it --------.
A. I wish it were Saturday.
If/Had ......... would/could/might/should
Rule 12: If / Had āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ sentence āĻ āĻĻুāĻি clause āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ āĻĒāĻ° clause-āĻিāĻ¤ে would / could / might / should āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻāĻāĻি clause past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ āĻĒāĻ° clause āĻিāĻ past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻি clause past perfect tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ āĻĒāĻ° clause āĻিāĻ past perfect tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻŦাāĻ°, past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা were āĻŦāĻ¸ে। If / Had āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) If + sub1 + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + , + sub2 + would / could / might / should + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
b) If + sub1 + had + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + , + sub2 + would have / could have / might have + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. If I had another $5000, I -------.
A. If I had another $5000, I could buy a car.
Q. If you asked me nicely, I -------.
A. If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink.
Q. If he had run a bit faster, he -------.
A. If he had run a bit faster, he could have won.
Q. Had -----------, I might have realised it easily.
A. Had I not been so tired, I might have realised it easily.
Q. If I knew her name, I --------.
A. If I knew her name, I should tell you.
Q. If ------- you I should stop smoking.
A. If I were you I should stop smoking.
Subjunctive Mood
Rule 13: āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻোāĻ¨ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻোāĻ¨ āĻিāĻু āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ, āĻāĻাāĻ্āĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻিংāĻŦা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻļিāĻ¤ āĻŦুāĻাā§, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ sentence-āĻিāĻ¤ে subjunctive mood āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻĒাā§। Subjunctive Mood āĻĻিā§ে āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ sentence-āĻি present, past āĻিংāĻŦা future tense āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻিāĻ° verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে s, es, ing, ed āĻŦা modal āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¨া āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨাā§ āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦ্āĻĻা verb āĻāĻ° base form āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ advice, advise, ask, demand, desire, desirable, essential, imperative, importance, important, insist, insistence, necessary, prefer, preferable, preference, propose, proposal, recommend, recommendation, request, require, requirement, suggest, suggestion, urge, vital āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে that āĻĻিā§ে āĻāĻāĻি clause āĻĨাāĻে। Subjunctive Mood-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Sub1 + verb--- + that + sub2 + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
b) Sub + verb--- + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯
Q. It is essential that every child --------.
A. It is essential that every child have the same facilities.
Q. It was important that James --------.
A. It was important that James write to Uncle Arthur soon.
Q. It was important that James --------. (British Rule)
A. It was important that James wrote to Uncle Arthur soon.
Q. It is essential to --------.
A. It is essential to solve the problem.
Q. Our advice is that the company --------.
A. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment.
Q. God -------- the King/Queen.
A. God save the King/Queen. (fixed phrase)
Q. God -------- you.
A. God bless you. (fixed phrase)
Q. It is important that Helen --------.
A. It is important that Helen be present that time.
Q. The doctor suggested that she -------.
A. The doctor suggested that she not smoke.
Q. ------------ that the prerequisite be waved.
A. She refused the request that the prerequisite be waved.
To be + adjective / noun / noun phrase
Rule 14: āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে feel, suppose, imagine, report, discover, know, judge, assume, consider, find, think, believe, declare, prove āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļ to be + adjective / noun āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে āĻিংāĻŦা āĻļুāĻ§ু adjective / noun āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে sentence-āĻিāĻে complete āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ো āĻāĻāĻ¨ো to be + noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে to be + noun phrase āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Subject + āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ verb + object + to be + adjective / noun
b) Subject + āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ verb + (object) + adjective / noun
Q. I know him to --------.
A. I know him to be honest.
Q. We supposed him to be --------.
A. We supposed him to be a gentle man.
Q. The lady was judged to be ---------.
A. The lady was judged to be guilty.
Q. ------------ herself to be great.
A. She never imagined herself to be great.
Q. We considered him --------.
A. We considered him honest. (OR, to be honest.)
Q. I believe my students -------.
A. I believe my students sincere. (OR, to be sincere.)
Q. The man is reported to --------.
A. The man is reported to be a spy.
Q. We assumed her to be -------.
A. We assumed her to be innocent.
Q. They discovered the guard --------.
A. They discovered the guard to be faithful.
Q. We felt the decision to --------.
A. We felt the decision to be wise.
Q. The chief guest declared the sports ---------.
A. The chief guest declared the sports open.
As + adjective / noun (phrase)
Rule 15: āĻāĻŽāĻ°া āĻাāĻ¨ি, conjunction āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে as āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšā§ āĻাāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু। āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে regard, treat, condemn, acknowledge, accept, take (for), consider, know, define, describe, interpret, use, recognize āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļে as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে sentence- āĻিāĻে complete āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯াā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ as āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšā§ āĻŽāĻ¤ো। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Subject + verb + object + as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase.
Q. He treats me as -------.
A. He treats me as innocent.
Q. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as --------.
A. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as a pious man.
Q. ------------ Mir Jafar as treacherous.
A. People condemn Mir Jafar as treacherous.
Q. Nobody can accept her as --------.
A. Nobody can accept her as his well-wisher.
Q. I took him ---------.
A. I took him for my friend. (take āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে as āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে for āĻŦāĻ¸ে)
Q. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as ------.
A. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as great.
Q. Everybody recognised him --------.
A. Everybody recognised him as the lawful heir.
The place ... where * The time ... when
Rule 16: āĻোāĻ¨ incomplete sentence-āĻ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ (place) āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে where + subject + verb --- āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে sentence-āĻি complete āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে when + subject + verb --- āĻŦāĻ¸িā§ে sentence-āĻি complete āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Sub1+verb+the place+where+sub2+verb+-----.
b) Sub1+verb+the time+when+sub2+verb+-----.
Q. Sirajganj is the place -------.
A. Sirajganj is the place where I was born.
Q. 10:00 A.M. is the time --------.
A. 10:00 A.M. is the time when I go to office.
Q. A railway station is the place -------.
A. A railway station is the place where trains stop.
Q. 1971 is the year -------.
A. 1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent.
Q. ------------ where UNESCO Headquarter is.
A. Paris is the city where UNESCO Headquarter is.
Q. Saturday is the day --------.
A. Saturday is the day when the week begins.
Q. Dhaka is the place where --------.
A. Dhaka is the place where most of the city dwellers live.
Q. New York is the city -------.
A. New York is the city where business magnets reside.
Q. ------------ day when all Muslims go to mosque.
A. Friday is the day when all Muslims go to mosque.
Q. Stadium is the venue --------.
A. Stadium is the venue where spectators go for rejoice.
Scarcely had ...... when, Hardly had ...... when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ..... than
Rule 17: Scarcely had ------ when, Hardly had --- --when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ------ than āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ past perfect tense āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšā§। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া negative āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¸েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻ¤ে no, not, never āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° when āĻŦা than āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻে past perfect tense āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻে past indefinite tense. āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻ°ূāĻĒ negative-āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- no sooner, scarcely, hardly, a little, barely, never, nor, rarely, neither āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি) āĻĻিā§ে āĻোāĻ¨ sentence āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে auxiliary verb-āĻি (āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ had) subject-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻে āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšāĻ˛ো।
a) Scarcely + had + sub1 + past participle form---- + when + sub2 + past form of form-----.
b) Hardly + had + sub1 + past participle form---- + when + sub2 + past form-----.
c) No sooner + had + sub1 + past participle form---- + than + sub2 + past form-----.
Q. Scarcely had I reached the station --------.
A. Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left.
Q. -------------- when he ran away.
A. Hardly had the police reached there when he ran away.
Q. Hardly had we reached college -------.
A. Hardly had we reached college when the exam began.
Q. ------------ than it began to rain.
A. No sooner had we gone outside than it began to rain.
Q. No sooner had I got to the station -------.
A. No sooner had I got to the station than the train left.
Q. ------------ when it went out of sight.
A. Hardly had he looked at it when it went out of sight.
Verb + ing āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¨িā§āĻŽ
Rule 18: āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ admit, agree, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, regret, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, start, stop, suggest, tolerate, can’t help, couldn’t help āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻিংāĻŦা preposition (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- at, on, out, up, in, about, over, under, for, from, of, off, by, without, except, besides, through, after, before, while āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি)-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা object to, look forward to, confess to, accustomed to, get used to, be used to, committed to, with a view to āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি verb phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸াāĻ§েāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ “verb+ing+ āĻāĻ¨ুāĻ¸াংāĻিāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ” āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে verb+ing…-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে noun / noun phrase / pronoun- āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
Q. She is considering ____.
A. She is considering not attending the party.
Q. Mahi missed _____ when he was travelling.
A. Maho missed watching the news when he was travelling.
Q. Would you mind ______?
A. Would you mind picking up the load, please?
Q. They have stopped ______.
A. They have stopped smoking due to its bad effects.
Q. The man forgot about _____.
A. The man forgot about cancelling his appointment.
Q. ----------- to receiving a letter from you.
A. She is looking forward to receiving a letter from you.
Q. I got used to ----------.
A. I got used to bathing in the river daily.
Q. ----------- to purchasing a book.
A. She went to market with a view to purchasing a book.
Q. ----------- help shedding her tears.
A. The lady could not help shedding her tears.
As though / As if āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¨িā§āĻŽ
Rule 19: āĻোāĻ¨ Senten toce-āĻ as though / as if āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect tense āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past indefinite tense āĻšāĻŦে, āĻāĻŦাāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে past indefinite tense āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past perfect tense āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
a) Present indefinite / perfect tense + as though / as if + past indefinite tense.
b) Past indefinite tense + as though / as if + past perfect tense.
Q. He talks to me as though ------------.
A. He talks to me as though he knew everything.
Q. She proceeded as if --------.
A. She proceeded as if I had not spoken anything.
Q. Mr. Rasel behaves as if --------.
A. Mr. Rasel behaves as if he were all in all in this office.
Q. He submitted the form quickly as if --------.
A. He submitted the form quickly as if it had been the last.
Q. ---------- as though she informed the police.
A. The girl talks as though she informed the police.
Subject āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে Verb āĻŦāĻ¸ে
Rule 20: Subject-āĻāĻ° āĻ িāĻ āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as, with, including āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļāĻিāĻেāĻ Subject āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ§āĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻŦিāĻ§াā§ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦাংāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻ° Subject-āĻি Singular āĻšāĻ˛ে Verb-āĻ Singular āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Subject-āĻি Plural āĻšāĻ˛ে Verb-āĻ Plural āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
Q. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, ------------.
A. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, is going to the party.
Q. ------------ colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.
A. I, with my friends, teachers and other colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.
Q. ----------- friends has done the work.
A. Samir as well as his friends has done the work.
Q. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, ------------.
A. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, is leaving Dhaka tonight.
So, too, also āĻĻিā§ে affirmative agreement
Rule 21: āĻোāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ So, too āĻāĻŦং also āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻŦুāĻাāĻ˛েāĻ so āĻŦāĻ¸ে auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু too āĻāĻŦং also āĻŦāĻ¸ে auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻূāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻোāĻ¨ verb (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ clause-āĻ āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ auxiliary verb āĻিāĻেāĻ so, too āĻŦা also-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻূāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻোāĻ¨ verb āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ clause-āĻ person āĻ tense āĻ āĻ¨ু্āĻ¯াā§ী so, too āĻিংāĻŦা also-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§।
a) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + so + auxiliary verb + subject2
b) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + auxiliary verb + also / too
Q. ------------, and I will also.
A. She will talk to him, and I will also.
Q. ------------, and her friend did too.
A. She went there, and her friend did too.
Q. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so ----- her sister.
A. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so does her sister.
Q. ----------- watching TV, and so does his brother.
A. Samara enjoys watching TV, and so does his brother.
Either, neither āĻĻিā§ে negative agreement
Rule 22: āĻোāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ neither āĻāĻŦং either āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ neither āĻŦāĻ¸ে affirmative auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু either āĻŦāĻ¸ে negative auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻূāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻোāĻ¨ verb (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ clause-āĻ āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ auxiliary verb-āĻিāĻেāĻ neither āĻŦা either-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻূāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻোāĻ¨ verb āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ clause-āĻ person āĻ tense āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§ী neither-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻāĻŦং either-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do not (=don’t), does not (=doesn’t) āĻŦা did not (=didn’t) āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
a) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject2
b) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + negative auxiliary verb + either
Q. She did not attend the party, and neither -------.
A. She did not attend the party, and neither did I.
Q. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend ----------.
A. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend hasn’t either.
Q. ------------, and Mahi did not either.
A. Bashir did not ask any oral test, and Mahi did not either.
Introductory Verbal Modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°
Rule 23: Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¯ে main clause-āĻি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¸েāĻ main clause-āĻāĻ° subject-āĻি introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤āĻাāĻŦে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ্āĻāĻ¤িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¤াāĻ introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° main clause āĻিāĻ° subject āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ personal subject (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- he, she, we, I, you, they, Jennie, Judai āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻšā§। Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ main clause-āĻি āĻāĻāĻ¨ো passive form / passive voice-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ¨া। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
a) Introductory verbal modifier + , + personal subject + active voice-Gi verb + ---------- +.
Q. After graduating from Dhaka College, ---------.
A. After graduating from Dhaka College, Mr. Shahed continued his studies at IBA of Dhaka University.
Q. To protect ourselves from cold, ------------.
A. To protect ourselves from cold, we wear warm clothes.
Q. After finishing her speech, -----------.
A. After finishing her speech, she invited the audience to ask questions.
Q. Having -----------, Shimu went to college.
A. Having taken his meal, Shohana went to college.
Past Indicating Words āĻĻিā§ে Sentence
Rule 24: āĻোāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ Past Indicating Word āĻŦা āĻ āĻ¤ীāĻ¤ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- yesterday, once, once upon a time, ago, long long ago, that day, that night, that---, last year, last---, in those days, then, so-called, during the reign of ---, at the age of ---, in 1985, in childhood, at the beginning of ---, in ancient time āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ Sentence-āĻিāĻে Past Tense (āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Pat Simple / Perfect Tense) āĻĻিā§ে āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, Sentence-āĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĻুāĻি āĻāĻāĻ¨া āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¤াāĻে Past Perfect Tense āĻĻিā§ে āĻāĻ°া āĻšā§। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
Q. Mridula ---------- last night.
A. Rahi came home last night.
Q. Jerry --------- at the age of four.
A. Jerry came to the orphanage at the age of four.
Q. In those days there -------- ships.
A. In those days there were no steam ships.
Q. ----------- before I joined the company.
A. I had completed the thesis before I joined the company.
Since-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°
Rule 25: Since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past indefinite āĻšāĻŦে; āĻāĻŦাāĻ° since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে past indefinite āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past perfect āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
a) Present indefinite / perfect + since + past indefinite
b) Past indefinite + since + past perfect
Q. Many years have passed since ----------.
A. Many years have passed since his friend met him first.
Q. It was long since -----------.
A. It was long since I had seen her last.
Q. ------------ since she visited the zoo.
A. Few years are over since she visited the Taj.
Not only ------ but also-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°
Rule 26: āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ not only-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¯ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে but also-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻোāĻ¨ sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে not only āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে but also-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb + ---- āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
Q. They are weak not only ----------.
A. They are weak not only in Biology but also in English.
Q. Not only she -----------.
A. Not only she but also her sister attended the party.
Q. ------------ but also takes physical exercise regularly.
A. Sarika not only studies attentively but also takes physical exercise regularly.
Q. ---------- but also submissive.
A. She is not only kind but also submissive.
Prepared by Noor E Alam
Comments