Completing sentences




Completing Sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽাāĻŦāĻ˛ী


āĻ‡ংāĻ°েāĻœি āĻ­াāĻˇাāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻ¯োāĻ—িāĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ীāĻ•্āĻˇাā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§ŸāĻ‡ completing sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ¨া āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•ি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে sentence āĻŸি complete āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¤া āĻ িāĻ• āĻŦুāĻāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া । āĻ¤াāĻ‡ āĻ¨িāĻšেāĻ° āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤্āĻ¤ে āĻāĻ¨ে āĻ°ীāĻ¤িāĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻšāĻ°্āĻšা āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻ…āĻ¤ি āĻ¸āĻšāĻœেāĻ‡ sentence complete āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ•ৌāĻļāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻœিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦে । āĻāĻ›াā§œা, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো English grammar- āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ…ংāĻļেāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯োāĻœ্āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° English sentence āĻ“ structure āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ¯āĻ• āĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨া āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽ।


 


Too ---- to āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা Enough ---- to


Rule 01: Too —— to āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা enough ——- to āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে simple sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, adjective āĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে too āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻ°ে enough āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻ›াā§œা noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে too much/too many/enough āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻĻেāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


a) Sub + verb + too + adj / adv + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


b) Sub + verb + adj / adv + enough + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


c) Sub + verb + enough / too much / too many + noun + (for + personal object) + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. The man was too weak —————.


A. The man was too weak to walk.


Q. The load is too heavy for her —————.


A. The load is too heavy for her to carry.


Q. —————- to complete in time.


A. He works too slowly to complete in time.


Q. It is too interesting a matter for us ————-.


A. It is too interesting a matter for us to overlook.


Q. Raju is strong enough to ---------.


A. Raju is strong enough to defeat anybody.


Q. Jony had enough intelligence ---------.


A. Jony had enough intelligence to get love.


Q. He has too much money to --------.


A. He has too much money to purchase anything anytime.


Q. At times it creates too many problems for me - --------.


A. At times it creates too many problems for me to solve.


 


So ——- that


Rule 02: So ——- that āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ াāĻŦāĻ¤্āĻ¨-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে tense āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§Ÿী can/could/cannot /could not āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


a) Sub1 + verb + so + adj / adv + that + sub2 + can /could / cannot / could not + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. The patient was so weak ————-.


A. The patient was so weak that he could not walk.


Q. Their throats were so dry ————-.


A. Their throats were so dry that they couldn’t speak.


Q. He is so expert that ————-.


A. He is so expert that he can solve it easily.


Q. She is ————that she can understand it quickly.


A. She is so intelligent that she can understand it quickly.


Q. He plays so skilfully ————. (modal āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ•āĻ°ুāĻ¨)


A. He plays so skilfully that everybody gets amused.


 


So that āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in order that (āĻ¯াāĻ¤ে)


Rule 03: So that āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in order that āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে tense āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§Ÿী can/could/may/might/will āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨে can/could āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨে may/might āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ——- + so that / in order that + sub2 + can /could / may / might / will + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. The girl read attentively so that ————.


A. The girl read attentively so that she could pass.


Q. We eat so that —————.


A. We eat so that we may live. ( āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨে )


Q. The lady flattered John so that ————-.


A. The lady flattered John so that she could exploit him.


Q. ——————- that they may get harvest.


A. The farmers sow seeds that they may get harvest.


Q. I closed the door so that he ————.


A. I closed the door so that he might not enter the room.


Q. She saved money in order that ————-.


A. She saved money in order that she could buy a gift.


 


Provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case    


Rule 04: Provided/provided that/providing that/if/whether /in case (āĻ¯āĻĻি) āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻĻি। āĻāĻŸি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে complex sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি clause āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে sentence-āĻŸি complete āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ——- + provided / provided that / providing that / if / whether / in case + sub2 + verb + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. She will shine in life provided that ————-.


A. She will shine in life provided that she works hard.


Q. The plane will take off provided ————-.


A. The plane will take off provided the weather is good.


Q. I must agree to go providing that ————.


A. I must agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.


Q. ——————— if circumstances favour us.


A. We’ll start our programme if circumstances favour us.


Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ————-.


A. I’ve bought a chicken in case her sister stays to lunch.


Q. I’m not sure whether/if ————-.


A. I’m not sure whether/if I’ll have time.


Q. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case ————-.


A. Let’s buy a bottle of wine in case Roger comes.


 


Lest ---- should āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা In case --- should


Rule 05: Lest āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in case āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒাāĻ›ে āĻ­ā§Ÿ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¯ে (for fear that) / āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ˜āĻŸে (by chance)। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻŸি negative āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻ‡ lest āĻŦা in case āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻŸি āĻ†āĻ°āĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¤াāĻ¤ে no āĻŦা not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, lest āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা in case- āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause āĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻŽূāĻ˛ verb- āĻāĻ° base form – āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§Ÿী should (āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে might/would) āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে āĻāĻŦং subjunctive mood- āĻāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে should / might / would āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


a) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + should / might / would + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


b) Sub1 + verb ----- + lest / in case + sub2 + verb āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. I wrote down her address in case ---------.


A. I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.


Q. I’ve bought a chicken in case ---------.


A. I’ve bought a chicken in case Rafi should stay to lunch.


Q. They kept watch all night lest ---------.


A. They kept watch all night lest robbers should come.


Q. We must take care lest ---------.


A. We must take care lest evil thoughts enter our hearts.


Q. We must take immediate action lest, --------.


A. We must take immediate action lest, it grow worse.


Q. He hid in the woods lest ----------.


A. He hid in the woods lest the soldiers would find him.


Q. ------------ you should miss the train.


A. Walk fast lest you should miss the train.


 


Unless / If not / Except if


Rule 06: Unless / if not / except if āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ¨া। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻŸি negative āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻ‡ unless / if not / except if āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻŸি āĻ†āĻ°āĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¤াāĻ¤ে āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ no āĻŦা  not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, unless / if not / except if – āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause- āĻŸিāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ে āĻŦা āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—āĻ¤িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ°েāĻ•āĻŸি clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে sentence- āĻŸি complete āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Unless/Except if + sub1 + affirmative verb ---- + ,+ sub2 + verb ----.


b) Sub1 + verb ----- + unless/except if + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.


c) Sub1 + verb ----- + if + sub2 + negative verb---.


 


Q. Unless you start at once, --------.


A. Unless you start at once, you will miss the train.


Q. Please come here tomorrow unless --------.


A. Please come here tomorrow unless I phone.


Q. I’ll take the job unless -------.


A. I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low.


Q. My wife will be upset if -------.


A. My wife will be upset if I don’t get back tomorrow.


Q. -------------, my father will be angry.


A. If I do not study properly, my father will be angry.


Q. I’ll be back tomorrow except if --------.


A. I’ll be back tomorrow except if there’s a plane strike.


 


Until āĻāĻŦং Till


Rule 07: Till āĻāĻŦং until āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻ•োāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। Until āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ে āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ¨া (till not) āĻāĻŦং till āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ে āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ (up to)। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, until / till –āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ˛ে until / till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া negative āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ• āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ āĻ¤াāĻ‡ until āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻŸি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ে clause- āĻ no āĻŦা not āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¤িāĻ˛্āĻ˛ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া affirmative āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ• āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛ে till āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¯ে clause- āĻŸি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ে clause- āĻŸি negative āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ। Until / till-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Until / till + affirmative clause


b) Till + negative clause


c) Till / until + word / phrase


 


Q. Wait until --------.


A. Wait until the rain stops.


Q. Await me till --------.


A. Await me till I do not come back.


Q. His mother will be nursing him until -------.


A. His mother will be nursing him until he comes round.


Q. My wife will wait till -------.


A. My wife will wait till I do not telephone.


Q. ---------- until / till I hear from you.


A. I’ll wait until / till I hear from you.


Q. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till -------.


A. OK, then, I won’t expect you until / till midnight.


 


As long as / So long as


Rule 08: As long as / so long as āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া condition āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¯ে, as long as / so long as āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ affirmative clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ। As long as / so long as āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Sub1 + verb ------- + as long as / so long as + sub2 + affirmative verb ------.


 


Q. He’s welcome to stay as long as --------.


A. He’s welcome to stay as long as I can afford.


Q. I’ll remember that day as long as -------.


A. I’ll remember that day as long as I live.


Q. ---------- so long as you drive carefully.


A. You may take my car so long as you drive carefully.


Q. Wait here as long as -------.


A. Wait here as long as it rains.


Q. Allah will be with us so long as -------.


A. Allah will be with us so long as our aim is honest.


Q. ---------- as long as she could.


A. Shania worked as long as she could.


 


It is time / It is high time


Rule 09: It is time / It is high time āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে infinitive phrase āĻ•িংāĻŦা past indefinite tense-āĻāĻ° clause āĻ‰āĻ­ā§ŸāĻ‡ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¤ে infinitive phrase āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ‡āĻ¤োāĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻĒাāĻ° āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে āĻ¤াāĻ‡ āĻŦিāĻ˛āĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ āĻŽুāĻšূāĻ°্āĻ¤েāĻ‡ āĻ•াāĻœāĻŸি āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ‰āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ past indefinite tense-āĻāĻ° clause āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া present tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ। It is time āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে It is high time āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻœোāĻ° / āĻ—ুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻŦুāĻাā§Ÿ। It is time / It is high time āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) It is time / It is high time + (for + object)+ to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


b) It is time / It is high time + sub2 + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. It is time to --------.


A. It is time to start the work.


Q. It is high time for us to --------.


A. It is high time for us to attack the enemy.


Q. It is time we -------.


A. It is time we started our business.


Q. ---------- time they changed their eating habits.


A. It’s high time they changed their eating habits.


Q. It’s time we -------.


A. It’s time we earned our livelihood.


 


Let alone


Rule 10: Let alone āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ো “āĻ­াāĻŦা āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨া”, “āĻ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ¨িঃāĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻœāĻ¨”, “āĻ¤ো āĻĻূāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা” āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা “āĻ¤া āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ি” āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি। Let alone āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ negative āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে affirmative āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨāĻ“ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। Let alone-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Sub + negative verb + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ›োāĻŸ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু + āĻ•āĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦā§œ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু ।


b) Sub + affirmative verb + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦā§œ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু + āĻ•āĻŽা ( , ) + let alone + āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ›োāĻŸ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু।


 


Q. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone --------.


A. He can’t swim one kilometre, let alone ten kilometres.


Q. She cannot visit a small town, let alone -------.


A. She cannot visit a small town, let alone a big city.


Q. -----------, let alone one shirt.


A. I can purchase ten shirts, let alone one shirt.


Q. Lisa may get first division, let --------.


A. Lisa may get first division, let alone third division.


Q. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone----.


A. I’ve not decided on the menu yet, let alone an ice cream.


 


Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire


Rule 11: Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ‡āĻš্āĻ›া, āĻ†āĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ•্āĻˇা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ•ে past unreal fact / subjunctive past tense āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ past simple tense āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ¤া present āĻ•িংāĻŦা future tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦ্āĻĻা were āĻŦāĻ¸ে। Would that / If / Had / I wish / I desire-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Would that / If + sub + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + !


b) Had + sub + object + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + !


c) I wish / I desire + sub + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + .


 


Q. If I --------!


A. If I were a child again!


Q. Would that he --------!


A. Would that he stood first in the exam!


Q. Had I the --------!


A. Had I the wings of a bird!


Q. ------- I were a king.


A. I wish I were a king.


Q. I desire he -------.


A. I desire he were alive today.


Q. If only I ------!


A. If only I knew more people!


Q. I wish it --------.


A. I wish it were Saturday.


 


If/Had ......... would/could/might/should


Rule 12: If / Had āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ sentence āĻ āĻĻুāĻŸি clause āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ…āĻĒāĻ° clause-āĻŸিāĻ¤ে would / could / might / should āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি clause past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ…āĻĒāĻ° clause āĻŸিāĻ“ past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āĻŸি clause past perfect tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ…āĻĒāĻ° clause āĻŸিāĻ“ past perfect tense-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ°, past simple tense-āĻāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে be verb āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা were āĻŦāĻ¸ে। If / Had āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) If + sub1 + verb-āĻāĻ° past form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + , + sub2 + would / could / might / should + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


b) If + sub1 + had + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ + , + sub2 + would have / could have / might have + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. If I had another $5000, I -------.


A. If I had another $5000, I could buy a car.


Q. If you asked me nicely, I -------.


A. If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink.


Q. If he had run a bit faster, he -------.


A. If he had run a bit faster, he could have won.


Q. Had -----------, I might have realised it easily.


A. Had I not been so tired, I might have realised it easily.


Q. If I knew her name, I --------.


A. If I knew her name, I should tell you.


Q. If ------- you I should stop smoking.


A. If I were you I should stop smoking.


 


Subjunctive Mood


Rule 13: āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ—ুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ, āĻ†āĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ•্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻļিāĻ¤ āĻŦুāĻাā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ sentence-āĻŸিāĻ¤ে subjunctive mood āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ। Subjunctive Mood āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ sentence-āĻŸি present, past āĻ•িংāĻŦা future tense āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু that-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° clause-āĻŸিāĻ° verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে s, es, ing, ed āĻŦা modal āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¨া āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦ্āĻĻা verb āĻāĻ° base form āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ advice, advise, ask, demand, desire, desirable, essential, imperative, importance, important, insist, insistence, necessary, prefer, preferable, preference, propose, proposal, recommend, recommendation, request, require, requirement, suggest, suggestion, urge, vital āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে that āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি clause āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Subjunctive Mood-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Sub1 + verb--- + that + sub2 + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


b) Sub + verb--- + to + verb-āĻāĻ° base form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯


 


Q. It is essential that every child --------.


A. It is essential that every child have the same facilities.


Q. It was important that James --------.


A. It was important that James write to Uncle Arthur soon.


Q. It was important that James --------. (British Rule)


A. It was important that James wrote to Uncle Arthur soon.


Q. It is essential to --------.


A. It is essential to solve the problem.


Q. Our advice is that the company --------.


A. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment.


Q. God -------- the King/Queen.


A. God save the King/Queen. (fixed phrase)


Q. God -------- you.


A. God bless you. (fixed phrase)


Q. It is important that Helen --------.


A. It is important that Helen be present that time.


Q. The doctor suggested that she -------.


A. The doctor suggested that she not smoke.


Q. ------------ that the prerequisite be waved.


A. She refused the request that the prerequisite be waved.


 


To be + adjective / noun / noun phrase


Rule 14: āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে feel, suppose, imagine, report, discover, know, judge, assume, consider, find, think, believe, declare, prove āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļ to be + adjective / noun āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻļুāĻ§ু adjective / noun āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে sentence-āĻŸিāĻ•ে complete āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো to be + noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে to be + noun phrase āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Subject + āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ verb + object + to be + adjective / noun


b) Subject + āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ verb + (object) + adjective / noun


 


Q. I know him to --------.


A. I know him to be honest.


Q. We supposed him to be --------.


A. We supposed him to be a gentle man.


Q. The lady was judged to be ---------.


A. The lady was judged to be guilty.


Q. ------------ herself to be great.


A. She never imagined herself to be great.


Q. We considered him --------.


A. We considered him honest. (OR, to be honest.)


Q. I believe my students -------.


A. I believe my students sincere. (OR, to be sincere.)


Q. The man is reported to --------.


A. The man is reported to be a spy.


Q. We assumed her to be -------.


A. We assumed her to be innocent.


Q. They discovered the guard --------.


A. They discovered the guard to be faithful.


Q. We felt the decision to --------.


A. We felt the decision to be wise.


Q. The chief guest declared the sports ---------.


A. The chief guest declared the sports open.


 


As + adjective / noun (phrase)


Rule 15: āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻœাāĻ¨ি, conjunction āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে as āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ verb āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে regard, treat, condemn, acknowledge, accept, take (for), consider, know, define, describe, interpret, use, recognize āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļে as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে sentence- āĻŸিāĻ•ে complete āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ as āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ¤ো। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Subject +  verb + object + as + adjective / adjective phrase / noun / noun phrase.


 


Q. He treats me as -------.


A. He treats me as innocent.


Q. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as --------.


A. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as a pious man.


Q. ------------ Mir Jafar as treacherous.


A. People condemn Mir Jafar as treacherous.


Q. Nobody can accept her as --------.


A. Nobody can accept her as his well-wisher.


Q. I took him ---------.


A. I took him for my friend. (take āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে as āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে for āĻŦāĻ¸ে)


Q. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as ------.


A. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution is acknowledged as great.


Q. Everybody recognised him --------.


A. Everybody recognised him as the lawful heir.


 


The place ... where * The time ... when


Rule 16: āĻ•োāĻ¨ incomplete sentence-āĻ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ (place) āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে where + subject + verb --- āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে sentence-āĻŸি complete āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে when + subject + verb --- āĻŦāĻ¸িā§Ÿে sentence-āĻŸি complete āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Sub1+verb+the place+where+sub2+verb+-----.


b) Sub1+verb+the time+when+sub2+verb+-----.


 


Q. Sirajganj is the place -------.


A. Sirajganj is the place where I was born.


Q. 10:00 A.M. is the time --------.


A. 10:00 A.M. is the time when I go to office.


Q. A railway station is the place -------.


A. A railway station is the place where trains stop.


Q. 1971 is the year -------.


A. 1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent.


Q. ------------ where UNESCO Headquarter is.


A. Paris is the city where UNESCO Headquarter is.


Q. Saturday is the day --------.


A. Saturday is the day when the week begins.


Q. Dhaka is the place where --------.


A. Dhaka is the place where most of the city dwellers live.


Q. New York is the city -------.


A. New York is the city where business magnets reside.


Q. ------------ day when all Muslims go to mosque.


A. Friday is the day when all Muslims go to mosque.


Q. Stadium is the venue --------.


A. Stadium is the venue where spectators go for rejoice.


 


Scarcely had ...... when, Hardly had ...... when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ..... than


Rule 17: Scarcely had ------ when, Hardly had --- --when āĻāĻŦং No sooner had ------ than  āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ past perfect tense āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া negative āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¸েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻāĻ¤ে no, not, never āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° when āĻŦা than āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻ•ে past perfect tense āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻĨাāĻ•ে past indefinite tense. āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻ°ূāĻĒ negative-āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- no sooner, scarcely, hardly, a little, barely, never, nor, rarely, neither āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি) āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে auxiliary verb-āĻŸি (āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ had) subject-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° sentence-āĻāĻ° structure āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨িāĻšে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ো।


a) Scarcely + had + sub1 +  past participle form---- + when + sub2 +  past form of form-----.


b) Hardly + had + sub1 + past participle form---- + when + sub2 +  past form-----.


c) No sooner + had + sub1 +  past participle form---- + than + sub2 +  past form-----.


 


Q. Scarcely had I reached the station --------.


A. Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left.


Q. -------------- when he ran away.


A. Hardly had the police reached there when he ran away.


Q. Hardly had we reached college -------.


A. Hardly had we reached college when the exam began.


Q. ------------ than it began to rain.


A. No sooner had we gone outside than it began to rain.


Q. No sooner had I got to the station -------.


A. No sooner had I got to the station than the train left.


Q. ------------ when it went out of sight.


A. Hardly had he looked at it when it went out of sight.


 


Verb + ing āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽ


Rule 18: āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ admit, agree, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, regret, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, start, stop, suggest, tolerate, can’t help, couldn’t help āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ•িংāĻŦা preposition (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- at, on, out, up, in, about, over, under, for, from, of, off, by, without, except, besides, through, after, before, while āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি)-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা object to, look forward to, confess to, accustomed to, get used to, be used to, committed to, with a view to āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি verb phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¸াāĻ§েāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ “verb+ing+ āĻ†āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াংāĻ—িāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ” āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇে verb+ing…-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ে noun / noun phrase / pronoun- āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


 


Q. She is considering ____.


A. She is considering not attending the party.


Q. Mahi missed _____ when he was travelling.


A. Maho missed watching the news when he was travelling.


Q. Would you mind ______?


A. Would you mind picking up the load, please?


Q. They have stopped ______.


A. They have stopped smoking due to its bad effects.


Q. The man forgot about _____.


A. The man forgot about cancelling his appointment.


Q. ----------- to receiving a letter from you.


A. She is looking forward to receiving a letter from you.


Q. I got used to ----------.


A. I got used to bathing in the river daily.


Q. ----------- to purchasing a book.


A. She went to market with a view to purchasing a book.


Q. ----------- help shedding her tears.


A. The lady could not help shedding her tears.


 


As though / As if āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽ


Rule 19: āĻ•োāĻ¨ Senten toce-āĻ as though / as if āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect tense āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past indefinite tense āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে past indefinite tense āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past perfect tense āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


a) Present indefinite / perfect tense + as though / as if + past indefinite tense.


b) Past indefinite tense + as though / as if + past perfect tense.


 


Q. He talks to me as though ------------.


A. He talks to me as though he knew everything.


Q. She proceeded as if --------.


A. She proceeded as if I had not spoken anything.


Q. Mr. Rasel behaves as if --------.


A. Mr. Rasel behaves as if he were all in all in this office.


Q. He submitted the form quickly as if --------.


A. He submitted the form quickly as if it had been the last.


Q. ---------- as though she informed the police.


A. The girl talks as though she informed the police.


 


Subject āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে Verb āĻŦāĻ¸ে


Rule 20: Subject-āĻāĻ° āĻ িāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ‡ together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as, with, including āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻŸিāĻ•েāĻ‡ Subject āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ§āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŦিāĻ§াā§Ÿ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦাংāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻ° Subject-āĻŸি Singular āĻšāĻ˛ে Verb-āĻ“ Singular āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Subject-āĻŸি Plural āĻšāĻ˛ে Verb-āĻ“ Plural āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


 


Q. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, ------------.


A. The singer, along with his parents, manager and some friends, is going to the party.


Q. ------------ colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.


A. I, with my friends, teachers and other colleagues, am going to enjoy the match.


Q. ----------- friends has done the work.


A. Samir as well as his friends has done the work.


Q. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, ------------.


A. Rubia, accompanied by her wife, three children and some near and dear ones, is leaving Dhaka tonight.


 


So, too, also āĻĻিā§Ÿে affirmative agreement


Rule 21: āĻ•োāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ So, too āĻāĻŦং also āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻŦুāĻাāĻ˛েāĻ“ so āĻŦāĻ¸ে auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু too āĻāĻŦং also āĻŦāĻ¸ে auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ verb (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ clause-āĻ āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ auxiliary verb āĻŸিāĻ•েāĻ‡ so, too āĻŦা also-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ verb āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ clause-āĻ person āĻ“ tense āĻ…āĻ¨ু্āĻ¯াā§Ÿী so, too āĻ•িংāĻŦা also-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ।


a) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + so + auxiliary verb + subject2


b) Subject1 + affirmative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + auxiliary verb + also / too


 


Q. ------------, and I will also.


A. She will talk to him, and I will also.


Q. ------------, and her friend did too.


A. She went there, and her friend did too.


Q. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so ----- her sister.


A. Lamia helps him do the laundry, and so does her sister.


Q. ----------- watching TV, and so does his brother.


A. Samara enjoys watching TV, and so does his brother.


 


Either, neither āĻĻিā§Ÿে negative agreement


Rule 22: āĻ•োāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ neither āĻāĻŦং either āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻāĻ•āĻ‡āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ“ neither āĻŦāĻ¸ে affirmative auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু either āĻŦāĻ¸ে negative auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ verb (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- be verb, do verb, have verb, modal auxiliary verb āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ clause-āĻ āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ auxiliary verb-āĻŸিāĻ•েāĻ‡ neither āĻŦা either-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻ auxiliary verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ verb āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ clause-āĻ person āĻ“ tense āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§Ÿী neither-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do, does āĻŦা did āĻāĻŦং either-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে do not (=don’t), does not (=doesn’t) āĻŦা did not (=didn’t) āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


a) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject2


b) Subject1 + negative verb + ---- + , + and + subject2 + negative auxiliary verb + either


 


Q. She did not attend the party, and neither -------.


A. She did not attend the party, and neither did I.


Q. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend ----------.


A. The boy hasn’t done it, and his friend hasn’t either.


Q. ------------, and Mahi did not either.


A. Bashir did not ask any oral test, and Mahi did not either.


 


Introductory Verbal Modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°


Rule 23: Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¯ে main clause-āĻŸি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸েāĻ‡ main clause-āĻāĻ° subject-āĻŸি introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—āĻ¤িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¤াāĻ‡ introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° main clause āĻŸিāĻ° subject āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ personal subject (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- he, she, we, I, you, they, Jennie, Judai āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻšā§Ÿ। Introductory verbal modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ main clause-āĻŸি āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো passive form / passive voice-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ¨া। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


a) Introductory verbal modifier + , + personal subject + active voice-Gi verb + ---------- +.


 


Q. After graduating from Dhaka College, ---------.


A. After graduating from Dhaka College, Mr. Shahed continued his studies at IBA of Dhaka University.


Q. To protect ourselves from cold, ------------.


A. To protect ourselves from cold, we wear warm clothes.


Q. After finishing her speech, -----------.


A. After finishing her speech, she invited the audience to ask questions.


Q. Having -----------, Shimu went to college.


A. Having taken his meal, Shohana went to college.


 


Past Indicating Words āĻĻিā§Ÿে Sentence


Rule 24: āĻ•োāĻ¨ Sentence-āĻ Past Indicating Word āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ¤ীāĻ¤ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨- yesterday, once, once upon a time, ago, long long ago, that day, that night, that---, last year, last---, in those days, then, so-called, during the reign of ---, at the age of ---, in 1985, in childhood, at the beginning of ---, in ancient time āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ) āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ Sentence-āĻŸিāĻ•ে Past Tense (āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Pat Simple / Perfect Tense) āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, Sentence-āĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻĻুāĻŸি āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨া āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¤াāĻ•ে Past Perfect Tense āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


 


Q. Mridula ---------- last night.


A. Rahi came home last night.


Q. Jerry --------- at the age of four.


A. Jerry came to the orphanage at the age of four.


Q. In those days there -------- ships.


A. In those days there were no steam ships.


Q. ----------- before I joined the company.


A. I had completed the thesis before I joined the company.


 


Since-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°


Rule 25: Since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে present indefinite / present perfect āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past indefinite āĻšāĻŦে; āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ° since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে past indefinite āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻĒāĻ°ে past perfect āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


a) Present indefinite / perfect + since + past indefinite


b) Past indefinite + since + past perfect


 


Q. Many years have passed since ----------.


A. Many years have passed since his friend met him first.


Q. It was long since -----------.


A. It was long since I had seen her last.


Q. ------------ since she visited the zoo.


A. Few years are over since she visited the Taj.


 


Not only ------ but also-āĻāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°


Rule 26: āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻ not only-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¯ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻŸি āĻŦāĻ¸ে but also-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻŸি  āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ•োāĻ¨ sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে not only āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে but also-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ / āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇ্āĻŸি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb + ---- āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


 


Q. They are weak not only ----------.


A. They are weak not only in Biology but also in English.


Q. Not only she -----------.


A. Not only she but also her sister attended the party.


Q. ------------ but also takes physical exercise regularly.


A. Sarika not only studies attentively but also takes physical exercise regularly.


Q. ---------- but also submissive.


A. She is not only kind but also submissive. 

Prepared by Noor E Alam

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