Modal

 Modal auxiliary verb āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে? Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ

Modal auxiliary verb āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে?

āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āĻŽāύোāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦা āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি (Mood) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϝে verb āĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻ•ে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ Modal auxiliary verb āĻŦāϞে।

āĻ•োāύ auxiliary verb āĻ—ুāϞি modal auxiliary verb?

āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āύ⧟āϟি। āϤাāϰা āĻšāϞো:

  • Shall —– should
  • Will —— would
  • Can —- could
  • May —- might
  • Must

āĻāĻ›া⧜াāĻ“ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ modal auxiliary-āĻāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϤাāϰা modal auxiliary-āĻāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϜāύ্āϝ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•েāĻ“ modal auxiliary āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ—āĻŖ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϤাāϰা āĻšāϞো: 

  • Ought to
  • used to
  • be to
  • have to
  • be going to
  • had better
  • would rather
  • dare
  • need.

Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ:

1.  Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āύিāϜāϏ্āĻŦ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āύাāχ। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŽāύোāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦা āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি (Mood) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ modal auxiliary āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻ•ে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে। 

2. Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āϰুāĻĒ āĻĻুāχāϟি, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Present āĻ“  Past, āϤাāχ Primary auxiliary verb  (Do, Be, Have)-āĻāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻāϰা āύিāϜে āĻŽূāϞ verb āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা।        

3Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽূāϞ verb āϏāĻ•āϞ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāχ base form āĻŦা āĻāĻ• āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ form-āĻ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ  āĻ•āϰ্āϤা āĻŦা Tense āϝাāχ āĻšোāĻ• āύা āĻ•েāύ  Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ  āϏাāĻĨে  āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ ‘s’ / ‘es’, ‘ed’ āĻŦা ‘ing’  āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা। 

Example:

  • He can do it. [Not: He cans do it.

4. Modal auxiliary verb āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻ•োāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϞে āĻ•āĻ–āύোāχ do, did āĻŦা does-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা। āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•া Modal-āĻ•ে āĻ•āϰ্āϤাāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏাāϞেāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟। āφāϰ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰীāϤে Modal-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে not āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϞেāχ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰী āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟।

Example:

  • You could help me. āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে  āϝāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰি, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻšāĻŦে: Could you help me? [ Not: do you could help me?]
  • They could come today. āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে  āϝāĻĻি āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰি, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻšāĻŦে: They could not come today. [ Not: They do not could come today.]

Modal auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

– Can-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: 

1. āϏাāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা (ability) āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦা āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰা āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। 

Example:

  • Mina can sing.
  • He can speak English.
  • Rahima can dance.
  • Rafiq can swim.

2. āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি (permission) āϚাāχāϤে āĻŦা āĻĻিāϤে:

āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āϚাāχāϤে āĻŦা āĻĻিāϤে āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Can I use your phone, please? [āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āϚাāχāϤে]
  • Can I borrow your pen? [āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āϚাāχāϤে]
  • Can I help you? [āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āϚাāχāϤে]
  • You can go now. [āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĻিāϤে]
  • You can tell what happened there. [āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĻিāϤে]

Note: āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āϚাāχāϤে āĻŦা āĻĻিāϤে can-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤে  ’may’ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। May āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাāϝ়।

Example:

  • May I come in, sir?

3. āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ (request) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে can āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Can you stay with me for some more time?

4. āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা (possibility / probability) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Smoking can cause cancer.
  • He can pass the examination.

Note: āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে can-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāϞে may āĻŦা might-āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। āϤāĻŦে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে: may āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞে can-āĻāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻŦেāĻļী āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻŦুāĻাāĻŦে। āφāϰ might āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦা āĻ•্āώীāύ āĻŦুāĻাāĻŦে।

– Could-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: 

1. āĻ…āϤীāϤ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা (Past ability):

āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦা āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤাāĻŽ āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • When I was young, I could run very fast.
  • could swim when I was a school student.

2. āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি (permission) :

āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧāϏāĻš āĻ•োāύāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āύেāϝ়া āĻŦা āĻŦিāύীāϤ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧāϏāĻš āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।  ‍

Example:

  • Could I have your number?
  • Could I talk to your manager, please?
  • Could you lend me your pen?
  • Excuse me,  could I just say something?

Note: āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–া āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ, āĻŦিāύāϝ় āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ  would you / would you please āĻŦা could you please āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

Example:

  • Would you / would you please / could you please lend me your book?

3. āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা (possibility / probability):

āϝে āĻ•োāύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • It could rain today.

– May āĻāĻŦং might-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

1.āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি (Permission) āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ (Request): 

āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ,  āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻŦা āϝে āĻ•োāύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • May / might I borrow your pen?
  • May / might I ask you a  question?
  • May / might I have something to drink?

2. āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা (Possibility about future):

āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে may / might āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ•েāχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। āϤāĻŦে may āĻ…āϧিāĻ•āϤāϰ āĻŦা āĻ­াāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা (good possibility) āĻ“ might    āĻ•্āώীāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা (less possibility)  āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • It may rain later today.
  • It might rain this afternoon.

3. āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা ( Present possibility):

āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ•োāύ āϘāϟāύা (Present situation) āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ  āĻ•āϰāϤে May / might + be + verb-ing  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ  āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • He may / might be sleeping now.
  • It may / might be raining in Dhaka now.

4. āĻŦিāύীāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•োāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ (Offer) āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ•ে āĻŦিāύীāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•োāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻļুāϧু  may āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে might āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ় āύা ।

Example:

  • May I help you?

5. āĻļুāĻ­ āĻ•াāĻŽāύা  (Wishes):

āĻļুāĻ­ āĻ•াāĻŽāύা āĻŦা āĻ•াāϰো āϜāύ্āϝ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰ্āϤাāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟ āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻļুāϧু may āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে might āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ় āύা ।

Example:

  • May you live long.
  • May Allah bless you.

– Shall āĻāĻŦং will-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: 

Shall āĻāĻŦং will āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ• (aspect) āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ:

1. āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤ āϘāϟāύা āĻŦāϰ্āύāύাāϝ়:

āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āĻ•োāύ āϘāϟāύা āϘāϟāĻŦে āĻŦāϞে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰি āĻāĻŦং āϝা āĻŦিāϰুāĻĒ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύা āϘāϟিāϞে āĻāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে (avoid) āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύāϝ়, āĻāĻŽāύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤ āϘāϟāύা āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা āĻ•āϰāϤে 1st  Person (I  āĻāĻŦং we)-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে   shall āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝ āϏāĻ•āϞ  person-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে will āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • shall be forty on my next birthday. [āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤি āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻĻিāύে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āϚāϞ্āϞিāĻļ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āϟি āĻāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦে āύা]।
  • You will see many different kinds of trees when you go to the park. [āχāĻšা āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āϝে, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻ•ে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ—াāĻ› āĻŦা āĻŦৃāĻ•্āώ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়]।
  • We shall be happy if you pass the examination. [āĻ•েāĻš āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϝ় āĻĒাāϏ āĻ•āϰāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ–ুāĻļী āĻšāχ, āχāĻšাāχ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•]।
āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤ āϘāϟāύা (General future action) āϝা āϘāϟāϤেāĻ“ āĻĒাāϰে āĻŦা āύাāĻ“ āϘāϟāϤে āĻĒাāϰে,āϤা āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āĻĨ্āϝ āϰীāϤিāϤে (Spoken) āϏāĻ•āϞ Person-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž I,  we, you, he, she, they āĻāĻŦং  it-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে will  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • I will go to Cumilla.
  • He will take the H.S.C exam.
  • We will win the match.

Note: Shall-āĻāϰ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ•েāϰ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āϰুāĻĒ shan’t āĻāĻŦং will-āĻāϰ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ•েāϰ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āϰুāĻĒ won’t.

2. āϏেāĻŦা āĻĻেāϝ়া āĻ“ āϏেāĻŦা āύেāϝ়াāϝ়:

āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āύিāϜে āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻ•োāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻŦা āϏেāĻŦা āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ  āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ (Offer of help or service) āϜাāύাāϤে Shall āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

āφāϰ āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻŦা āϏেāĻŦা āĻ…āύ্āϝেāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟ āĻšāϤে āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ  āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ (asking for help or service) āϜাāύাāϝ়, āϤāĻŦে  will āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Shall I carry your bag? [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϏেāĻŦা āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ  āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে]।
  • Will you help me in learning English? [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϏেāĻŦা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ  āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে]।
  • Will you bring me some more coffee? [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϏেāĻŦা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ  āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে]।

3. āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›া, āĻ…āĻ­িāĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϜ্āĻžা āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›া āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­িāĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় (desire or intention) āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϜ্āĻžা (Promise or determination) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে 1st  Person (I āĻāĻŦং we)-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে   will āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝ āϏāĻ•āϞ  person-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে shall āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • will learn English however difficult it is. [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āχāϚ্āĻ›া āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϜ্āĻžা āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āϝে, āϏে āχংāϰেāϜি āĻļিāĻ–āĻŦে, āϤা āϝāϤো āĻ•āĻ িāύāχ āĻšোāĻ• āύা āĻ•েāύ]।
  • Be sure, I will help you. [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϤাāĻ•ে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›া āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϜ্āĻžা āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে]।
  • You shall have a new bicycle if you do well at school. [āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϤāϜ্āĻžা āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āϝে, āϏে āϝāĻĻি āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞে āĻ­াāϞ āĻ•āϰে āϤāĻŦে āϤাāĻ•ে āϏাāχāĻ•েāϞ āĻ•িāύে āĻĻেāϝ়া āĻšāĻŦে]।

– Should āĻāĻŦং ought to-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

1. āωāϚিāϤ āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ:

āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āωāϚিāϤ āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ āϝা āĻ­āĻŦিāώāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ, āϤা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে Should āĻāĻŦং ought to-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • You should / ought to obey your parents and teachers.
  • You should / ought to attend the class.
  • You should / ought to revise your lessons.
  • If you are ill, you should / ought to see a doctor.
  • We should / ought to give him some flowers for his birthday.

2. āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦা ‍āĻĻিāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āύেāϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ:

āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ•োāύ āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦা ‍āĻĻিāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা (suggestion) āύেāϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে ought to āĻŦেāĻŽাāύাāύ।

Example:

  • What should I do?
  • Should I trust him?

3. āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা (Possibility or likelihood) āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļিāϤ (expected) āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϘāϟāĻŦে āĻŦা āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻšāĻŦে āĻŦāϞে āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে Should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • It should be a nice day tomorrow.
  • Australia should win the match.
  • I should be able to win.

4. āύāĻŽ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•ৃāϤāϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻŦা āϏুāĻ– / āφāύāύ্āĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āύāĻŽ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•ৃāϤāϜ্āĻžāϤা (gratefulness) āĻŦা āϏুāĻ– / āφāύāύ্āĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে Should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • should be grateful if you could provide me with some information.
  • We should be delighted to help you in any way, we can.
  • should like to thank you all for coming here tonight.

5. āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āϜাāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ:

āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ (Opinion)  āϜাāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Should I hire a car for going to Dhaka?

6. āĻ…āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āφāĻĻেāĻļ / āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύে:

āĻ…āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āφāĻĻেāĻļ  (Official order), āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ (Instruction) āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύে should āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

Passengers should proceed to Gate 12.

– Would-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: 

1. āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϤীāϤ āϘāϟāύা āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ•োāύ āϘāϟāύা āϝা āĻ…āϤীāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে, āϏেāχ āĻ…āϤীāϤ āϘāϟāύা āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা (to express the past) āĻ•āϰāϤে  would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।


Example:

  • Even as a boy, he knew that he would succeed in life.
  • I thought it would rain, so I bought my umbrella.

2. āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ / āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖাāϝ়:

āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤাāĻŽ āĻŦা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻ›িāϞ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–āύ āϏে āĻ•াāϜāϟি āφāϰ āĻ•āϰি āύা, āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • When we were kids, we would hang around the playground every afternoon.

Note: āĻ…āϤীāϤ āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻŦ / āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖাāϝ় would-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāϞে ‘used to’ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

Example:

  • used to smoke,  but I stopped smoking two years ago.
  • used to drive to work, but I now take the bus.

3. āĻŦিāύāϝ় āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ•ে āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāύāϝ় āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āĻ…āύুāϰোāϧ (Polite request) āĻ•āϰāϤে would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Would you shut the door?
  • Would you please call me a taxi?

4. āχāϚ্āĻ›া, āϚাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻŦা āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āϜাāύāϤেে āĻāĻŦং āϜাāύাāϤে:

āχāϚ্āĻ›া, āϚাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻŦা āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āϜাāύāϤে āĻŦা āϜাāύাāϤে (to know or express wish, desire or choice) would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Would you like a cup of coffee?
  • My parents would like to meet you.
  • would like to know what happened.
  • would like to learn English very well.

NoteWould like-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāϞে would love āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা would prefer āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

Example:

  • would love / prefer a cup of coffee.

5. āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে:

āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে (to express impossible or improbable) would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • If I were you, I would give you all my money.
  • If I could fly like a bird, I would be with you now.
  • What would you do if you won a million taka?
  • I really miss you. It would be lovely to see you.

6. āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে:

    āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ (Opinion) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে would āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। Think, say, imagine āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি would-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। 

Example:

    • I would think /say / imagine that you would be happier in a different school.
    • I would think / say / imagine that you would do better in medical science.

– Must-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: 

    1. āύিāĻļ্āϚāϝ়āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে:  āύিāĻļ্āϚāϝ়āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে (To express certainty) must āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

    • This must be right address.
    • He must be an intelligent student.

    2. āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤা, āφāĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে:  āĻ•োāύ  āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤা, āφāĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে (to express necessity, requirement or obligation) āĻ•āϰāϤে must āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

    • They must pass the examination to get the job.
    • Students must pass the IELTS exam. to get a visa for the USA.

    3. āϜোāĻĄ় āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে: āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ•ে āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϜোāĻĄ় āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ (to express strong recommendation) āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ must āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

    • You are sick. You must see a doctor.
    • You must take some medicine for your cough.

    4. āϝা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āϤাāϤে āϜোāĻĄ় āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ:  Must modal-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ admit, say, confess āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āϝা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āϤাāϤে āφāϰāĻ“   āϜোāĻĄ় āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। 

Example:

    • must admit / say / confess that he is really a good boy.
    • must admit / say / confess that it gave me a good lesson.

    5. āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা  āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύāϏূāϚāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে:  āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāύা  āĻŦা  āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύāϏূāϚāĻ• (Strong assumption) āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে must āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

    • You must be very tired after a very long journey.
    • Rahim must be nearly 90 years old now.
    • There must be something wrong with the engine.

āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ modal auxiliary verb:

– Dare-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

    Dare āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ  āϏাāĻšāϏ āĻ•āϰা (Courage to take the risk). āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি Main verb āĻ“ modal auxiliary āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ verb-āϟি modal auxiliary āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ“ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰুāĻĒāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

    • He dare not say what he thinks.
    • I am so afraid that I dare not move.
    • Dare he ring Rahim at the office?

     Affirmative āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে dare-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰুāĻĒāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়:

    • dare say you are right.

– Need-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

    Need āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া (require). āĻāχ verb-āϟি  main verb āĻ“ modal auxiliary āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ verb-āϟি modal auxiliary āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ“ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰুāĻĒāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • You need not ask my permission.
  • He need not wait any longer.
  • You need not talk to them.
  • Need I discuss the matter with him?
  • Need we wait any longer?

Note: Need not āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦ āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻšāϞে, āϜāĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে: ‘No you need not’. āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • Question: Need I come again?
  • Answer: No, you need not.

āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύেāϰ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦ āĻšা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻšāϝ়, āϤāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে: ‘Yes, you must’.

  • Question: Need I come again?
  • Answer: Yes, you must.

– Be to (am to/is to/are to/was to/were to)-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

1. Be to-āĻāϰ Present āĻāĻŦং Future āϰুāĻĒ am to, is to, are to. ‍āĻāϰা āĻ­āĻŦিāώāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ  āĻ•āϰা āĻ•োāύ  āĻ•াāϜ (arrangement / plan) āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • am to go to Dhaka next week= āφāĻ—াāĻŽী āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšে āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻĸাāĻ•া āϝাāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āφāĻ›ে।
  • He is to phone me later this day= āĻĻিāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āĻĢোāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āφāĻ›ে।
  • The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

2. Be to-āĻāϰ Past āϰুāĻĒ  was to,  were to. ‍āĻāϰা āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ›িāϞ āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Mr. Headmaster was to speak at the meeting.
  • We were to appear at the examination.
  • They were to buy a car.
  • My friend was to help me.

3. āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāϤে: āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āωāϰ্āĻĻ্āϧāϤāύ  āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•োāύ āφāĻĻেāĻļ (Order) āĻ…āĻŦāĻšিāϤ  āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ am to / is to / are to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • You are to wait here until I return.
  • All staff is to wear uniforms.
  • You are not to do it again.

4. āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে: āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āĻ•ি āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়, āϏে āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে am to / is to / are to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • In this situation, what am I to tell him?
  • What is he to do to get GPA-5?

– Have to (have to/has to/had to/shall have to/will have to)-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে have to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝ়  have to-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāϞে  must   āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•াāϜāϟি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻŦāĻļ্āϝিāĻ•āϤা āĻŦা āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻ…āύুāĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰে āύিāϜ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϚাāϝ়, āϤāĻ–āύ must āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āωāϤ্āϤāĻŽ।

Example:

  • I must write a letter to my brother. [āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϤাāϰ āĻ­াāχāĻ•ে āϚিāĻ ি āϞিāĻ–াāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āφāĻŦ্āϝāĻļিāĻ•āϤা āĻ…āύুāĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে]।

āĻĒāĻ•্āώাāύ্āϤāϰে, āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻ•োāύ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āϤুāϞে āϧāϰে, āϤāĻ–āύ have to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

  • I can’t meet you tomorrow. I have to study.
  • Rahi has to get up early every day.
  • They have to work hard on Saturdays.

āĻ­āĻŦিāώāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦেāϤা 

āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ

Shall/will have to + do something-āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • He will have to get up early tomorrow.

āφāϰ āĻ…āϤীāϤ āĻ•াāϜāϝা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞāϤা āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ:

Had to + do something-āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • They had to leave early to catch the bus.
  • Rahi had to explain the situation to his father.

āĻ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ:

  1. āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ (Present) āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে: do not / does not have to

2. āĻ…āϤীāϤ (Past) āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে: did not have to

3. āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤ (Future) āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে: Shall/will not have to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāύāϤ  āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • She does not/doesn’t have to go to work.
  • did not (didn’t) have to go to the meeting.
  • They will not/won’t have to buy any additional books.

– Be going to āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

1. Am going to/is going to/are going to: (a) āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›া / āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা (Intention / plan) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে Am going to/is going to/are going to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • I am going to see him later today.
  • We are going to sing at the party.

(b) āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϝা āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ›ি āĻŦা āĻŦুāϜāĻ›ি, āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে  āĻ­āĻŦিāώāϤ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে Am  going to/is going to to/are going to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
  • It’s 8:30. You are going to miss the train.
  • You are not studying hard. You are going to fail in the examination.

2. Was going to / were going to: āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏে āϤা āĻ•āϰে āύাāχ। āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖাāϝ় Was going to / were going to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • was going to tell him, but I forgot.
  • We were going to travel by car, but we changed our decision.

– Used to-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

āĻ…āϤীāϤ āĻ•াāϜ āĻŦা āϘāϟāύা āϝা āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϤো āĻŦা āϘāϟāϤো, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦা āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϤা āϘāϟে āύা āĻŦা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āύা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে Used to āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • Rafi used to smoke. [āϰāĻĢিāĻ• āĻ…āϤীāϤে āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝ় āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϧুāĻŽāĻĒাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤো, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϰ āĻ•āϰে āύা]।

– Had better-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻŦা āĻ­āĻŦিāώāϤেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰা āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦা āĻļ্āϰেāϝ়, āϤা āĻŦুāĻাāϤে Had better + verb  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • had better go now.
  • You had better take an umbrella. It might rain.

Note: āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦা āĻļ্āϰেāϝ় āĻŦুāĻাāϤে had better-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ ought to āĻŦা  should-āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়। āϤাāϰাāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে।

Example:

  • You should take an umbrella. It might rain.
  • You ought to take an umbrella. It might rain.
  • Had better-āĻāϰ negative form: had better not.

Affirmative: You had better take this subject.

Negative: You had better not take this subject.

Had better-āĻāϰ  question form: had better-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• āϰুāĻĒ: āĻ•āϰ্āϤাāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে had āĻ“ āĻĒāϰে better.

Example:

  • Had I better speak to Rahim?
  • Had we better leave now?

āύা-āĻŦোāϧāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦোāϧāĻ• (Interrogative negative):

  • Hadn’t I better speak to Rahim?
  • Hadn’t we better leave now?

– Would rather-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ:

āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ (Preference) āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে Would rather  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

  • would rather learn a new language than study math.
  • Rafi would rather spend time by the side of the river.
  • He would rather play cricket than tennis.
  • would rather starve than beg.

āĻ•āĻ–āύ Modal auxiliary verb āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāϝ় āύা:

āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϘāϟে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া āϜিāύিāϏāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ•াāϰāĻ“ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āύেāχ āϏেāχ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦিāώāϝ়াāĻĻি āĻŦāϰ্āύāĻŖা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝModal auxiliary verb āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ় āύা। āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.  [ Note: The sun must/shall/will/should/ rise in the east and set in the west.]

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