Case
Case
Definition: Sentence āĻ āĻোāύ noun āĻŦা pronoun āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ word āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ āĻĨাāĻে āϤাāĻে Case āĻŦāϞে।
āĻংāϰেāĻিāϤে noun āĻŦা pronoun āĻāϰ Case āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ āĻĒাঁāĻ āϰāĻāĻŽেāϰ āĻšā§ে āĻĨাāĻে। āĻāĻুāϞো āĻšāϞ-
Nominative case
Objective case
Possessive case
Vocative case
Dative case
Note: Dative case āĻে āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻাāϰāĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻāĻŖ্āϝ āĻāϰা āĻšāϞেāĻ āĻāϧুāύিāĻ English grammar āĻāĻিāĻে object āϤāĻĨা Objective case āϰুāĻĒে āĻāĻŖ্āϝ āĻāϰে। āϤাāĻ English grammar āĻ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ case āĻ āĻāϞোāĻিāϤ āĻšā§।
Nominative case:
āϝāĻāύ āĻোāύ noun āĻŦা pronoun āĻāϰ্āϤা āϰুāĻĒে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§ āϤāĻāύ āϤাāĻে Nominative case āĻŦāϞে।
Nominative āĻে āĻĒেāϤে āĻšāϞে āĻ্āϰিā§াāĻে āĻে(who) āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা āĻি(what) āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻāϰ।
- Amreen goes to school. āĻে(who) āϏ্āĻুāϞে āϝাā§?
āĻāĻাā§াāĻ pronoun, adjective, infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, phrase, clause etc Nominative case āϰূāĻĒে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§।
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে noun - Amreen goes to school.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে pronoun – He visited Sirajganj.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে adjective – The poor live from hand to mouth.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে infinitive – To err is human.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে gerund – Walking is a good exercise.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে verbal noun – The reading of newspaper is a good habit.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে phrase – A man of letters came here.
Nominative āϰূāĻĒে clause – What he says is known to all.
Objective case:
āϝāĻāύ āĻোāύ noun āĻŦা pronoun āĻāϰ্āĻŽ āϰুāĻĒে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§ āϤāĻāύ āϤাāĻে Nominative case āĻŦāϞে।
Objective āĻে āĻĒেāϤে āĻšāϞে āĻ্āϰিā§াāĻে āĻাāĻে(whom) āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা āĻি(what) āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻāϰ।
- Rahi reads a book. (Rahi āĻি āĻĒā§āĻে? - book)
- The horse kicked the boy. (āĻাāĻে kick āĻāϰেāĻে? – the boy)
Objective case āĻĻুāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ:
Accusative case- āĻোāύ sentence āĻ āϝāĻĻি āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻŦাāĻāĻ noun – verb āĻāϰ object āϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāϏে, āϤāĻŦে āϤাāĻে Accusative case āĻŦāϞে।
- He bought a car. (car āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻŦাāĻāĻ noun)
Dative case – āĻোāύ sentence āĻ āϝāĻĻি āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻŦাāĻāĻ noun – verb āĻāϰ object āϰূāĻĒে āĻŦāϏে, āϤāĻŦে āϤাāĻে Dative case āĻŦāϞে।
- I like the man. (The man āĻŦ্āϝেāĻ্āϤিāĻŦাāĻāĻ noun)
āĻāĻাā§াāĻ noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, gerund, verbal noun, phrase, clause etc Objective case āϰূāĻĒে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§।
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে noun – He reads the Quran.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে pronoun – We called him.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে adjective – He helps the poor.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে infinitive – I want to sleep.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে verbal noun – I like the playing of cricket.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে phrase – I met a man of parts.
Objective case āϰূāĻĒে clause – I know how he did it.
Possessive case:
āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻŦা āĻāϰ্āϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻŦোāĻাā§। āĻāĻি “āĻাāϰ” āĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύেāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻেā§।
- This is Rahi’s book. (āĻাāϰ āĻŦāĻ- Rahi āĻāϰ)
- These are Shakespeare’s plays.(āĻাāϰ āύাāĻāĻ - Shakespeare’s āĻāϰ)
Formation of Possessive case:
1. āĻļেāώে ‘s’ āĻŦিāĻšীāύ singular noun āĻāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ Apostrophe āĻ S (’s) āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āĻāĻা āĻীāĻŦিāϤ noun āĻāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- Shihab’s book, Kabir’s pen, mother’s glass, baby’s toy.
2. āĻļেāώে ‘s’ āϝুāĻ্āϤ singular noun āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে āĻļুāϧু Apostrophe āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϝেāĻাāύে āϏ-āϧ্āĻŦāύি āĻāĻাāϧিāĻ āĻĨাāĻে। āϝেāĻŽāύ- Jesus’ speech, Brutass’ car, Keates’ poem.
3. āĻļেāώে ‘s’ āĻŦিāĻšীāύ plural noun āĻāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ Apostrophe āĻ S (’s) āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- women’s co-operative, children’s park, men’s dress, people’s republic.
4. āĻļেāώে ‘s’ āϝুāĻ্āϤ plural noun āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে āĻļুāϧু Apostrophe āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- boys’ school, girls’ school, sailors’ cap, brothers’ garden.
5. Compound noun āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে Apostrophe āĻ S (’s) āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- brother-in-law’s home, Inspector-general’s office.
6. And āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāĻাāϧিāĻ noun āϝৌāĻĨ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļ āĻāϰāϞে āĻļেāώেāϰ noun āĻিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে (’s) āϝোāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- Rahi and Kabir's flat. Sami and Rahi’s mother.
7. āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে (’s) āĻŦāϏিā§ে āĻŦা āϤাāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে of āĻŦāϏিā§ে Possessive āĻāϰা āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ- Rakib’s hen or The hen of Rakib. Rahi’s goat or the goat of Rahi.
8. āĻ āĻেāϤāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে (’s) āύা āĻŦāϏিā§ে of āĻŦāϏিā§ে Possessive āĻāϰāϤে āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
Incorrect – The Chair’s legs are broken.
Correct – The legs of chair are broken.
9. āϏāĻŽā§, āĻĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļāĻ noun āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে (s’) āϝোāĻ āĻāϰে Possessive āĻāϰāϤে āĻšā§। āϝেāĻŽāύ – Five days’ leave, A yard’s length.
Vocative case:
Go there, Rahi. May I come in sir.
āĻāĻĒāϰেāϰ sentence āĻĻুāĻিāϤে Rahim and sir āĻĻুāĻি noun āĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϧāύ āĻāϰে āĻিāĻু āĻŦāϞা āĻāĻে। āĻāĻাāύে noun āĻĻুāĻিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏ্āĻŦ āϏ্āĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ্āϝ āĻĻুāĻিāϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰ āĻ ংāĻļ āĻĻুāĻিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ āϤাāĻ Vocative case। āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨাā§ āĻŦাāĻ্āϝে noun āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻাāĻāĻে āĻে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦোāϧāύ āĻāϰে āĻিāĻু āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϞে āϤাāϰ Vocative case āĻšā§। āĻāĻে nominative address āĻŦা case of address āĻ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§।
āϝেāĻŽāύ – Sister, could I take your book?
Good bye, mother.
Come here.
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