Modifier

 Modifier

Modifier: āĻļাāĻŦ্āĻĻিāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨে Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—ুāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļāĻ•াāĻ°ী āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇāĻŖāĻŦাāĻšāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāĻš্āĻ›āĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻাā§Ÿ| āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু English Grammar Modifier  āĻ•োāĻ¨ো āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨āĻ•াāĻ°ী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻšিāĻ¤।Modifier- Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ Word- āĻ•েāĻ“ Modify āĻ•āĻ°ে|

Definition: āĻ¯ে word āĻŦা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ°āĻ•ে Modify āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§Ž āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ¯āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে, āĻ¤াāĻ•ে Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে|


đŸ”ģ  Phrase: (Phrase āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে group of words (āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāĻš্āĻ› āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ finite verb āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ¨া| āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ•ে, Clause āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ•্āĻ¯াংāĻļ āĻ¯াāĻ° Subject āĻ“ finite verb āĻ°ā§ŸেāĻ›ে|)

The girl wearing a diamond necklace is very rich.


Sheikh Hasina  is a skilled orator (āĻŦāĻ•্āĻ¤া).

The crow swiftly went to the jar.

We have to work hard to shine in life.

Determiner, Adjective, Adverb āĻāĻŦং Noun, Modifier āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে|


Modifier āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° : 1. Pre-modifier 2. Post-modifier


đŸ”ģ  Pre-modifier: Pre āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে| āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻ¯ে Modifier- Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Modify āĻ•āĻ°ে, āĻ¤াāĻ•ে Pre-modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে| āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯, Pre-modifier- Noun Phrase āĻāĻ° Head word āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Determiner āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ে|

Pakistan army swooped on armless Bangalee in 1971.

The sleeping puppy is so cute.


  

đŸ”ģPost-modifier: Post āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒāĻŦে| āĻ¤াāĻ‡ āĻ¯ে Modifier-Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Modify āĻ•āĻ°ে,  āĻ¤াāĻ•ে Post Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে|

There is nothing abnormal in report.


Pre-modifiers

āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ Noun, adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে Pre-modifiers  āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

Structure: Modifiers + noun/adjective/verb/adverb



●●●Modifier āĻļিāĻ–ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ‰āĻĒাā§Ÿে, āĻāĻŦাāĻ° English Grammar āĻšāĻŦে āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯িāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ।


HSC āĻ¤ে modifier āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¨ি āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ student āĻ–ুāĻœে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ•āĻ িāĻ¨। āĻ†āĻœāĻ•েāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒোāĻ¸্āĻŸ āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻĻিā§Ÿে & āĻ¨োāĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĒā§œে āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে modifier āĻĒাāĻ¨ি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻŦে। ā§Ŧ-ā§­ āĻŸা āĻšāĻŦেāĻ‡। vocabulary āĻ¤ে āĻĻāĻ•্āĻˇ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāĻŦে। modifier āĻ āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸু basic grammar āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে modifier āĻŦুāĻāĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻšāĻŦে।

ā§§) āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Adjective, Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ–াāĻŸি āĻŦাংāĻ˛াā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে Adjective āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°া, āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°া?? noun āĻ•ে। āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§Ž āĻĻোāĻˇ, āĻ—ুāĻ¨, āĻ¸ংāĻ–্āĻ¯া āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°া।

example : Arony is a cute girl.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ো girl āĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°āĻ¤েāĻ›ে cute, āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে cute "Adjective."

ā§¨) āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Adverb, Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ›াā§œা āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§Ž verb āĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ে, āĻĒāĻ°ে, noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ি Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ•āĻĨাā§Ÿ Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ›াā§œা āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ।

example : She laughs loudly.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে "laughs" verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° "loudly" Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে verb āĻ•ে āĻœোāĻ° āĻĻিāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻŽাāĻ¨ে modify āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ে।

★Modifier āĻ•ী???


āĻ¯ে word āĻŦা phrase(āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāĻš্āĻ›) āĻ•োāĻ¨ noun āĻŦা verb āĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ে āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ noun āĻŦা verb āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে

āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§Ž, āĻ noun āĻŦা verb āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻ•ে modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে।

****Specific uses of Modifier:

★ Pre modify the noun : pre āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে। noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ•ী āĻŦāĻ¸ে?? āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›িāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ†āĻ›ে?? Adjective āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻ‡ pre modify the noun āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে Adjective āĻšāĻŦে।

example : Rakib was a...........( pre modify the noun) poet.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে adjective āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦে āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻŽাāĻ¨ে। famous/ noble āĻšāĻŦে।

★pre modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ•ি āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›িāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ†āĻ›ে??? Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ›াā§œা āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻ‡ pre modify the

Adjective/Verb/Adverb āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে।

example : She..........(pre modifythe verb) got idea.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§Ž verb āĻ•ে āĻœোāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¤ে modify āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। suddenly /quickly āĻšāĻŦে।

★post modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: post

āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻ†āĻ—েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤োāĻ‡ noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ›াā§œা āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§ŸAdverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে।

example : Abid can write......( post modify the verb)

āĻ†āĻ—েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤োāĻ‡ Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, verb āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦে। āĻ¤াāĻ‡ quickly /beautifully āĻšāĻŦে।

āĻ¨োāĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ো: 

**pre modify the noun→ Adjective.

**pre modify the adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

**post modify the Adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

*****pre modify the noun with...............

★possessive → my, him, her, their, our,its (sentence āĻāĻ° subject āĻŸি pronoun āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে sentence āĻāĻ° possessive adjective āĻŸি āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ āĻšāĻŦে) āĻ•ি āĻŦুāĻ āĻ¨াāĻ‡?? example āĻĻিāĻ˛ে āĻ•্āĻ˛িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে।

example: You can not complete........(pre modify the noun with possessive) studies.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে sentence āĻāĻ° subject You. You āĻāĻ° possessive āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ your. āĻ¤াāĻ‡ your āĻšāĻŦে।

★Gerund→ (verb+ing)

★Infinitive→ (To + V1)

★present participle→( verb+ ing)

★past participle→V3

★ Demostrative →this,that( singular noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে) these, those(plural noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে)

example: She found..........(use a demostrative

to pre modify the noun) jug too heavy.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ¯েāĻšুāĻ¤ু jug singular āĻ¤াāĻ‡ this āĻšāĻŦে।

★phrase → A group of word that contains no verb

★Appositive→ A group of word that must reflect the Noun/pronoun

★Intensifier→very

★Quantifier→some,few,many( countable noun)

some, much,little( uncountable noun)

example :they have................ (use quantifier pre modify the noun) money.

āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে money uncountable noun āĻ¤াāĻ‡ much āĻšāĻŦে।


✴️Pre-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻĻেāĻ–াāĻ¨ো āĻšāĻ˛োঃ

1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি adjective āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে। Adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°āĻ•ে attributive use āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Mim gave him a nice pen.

(b) It was an attractive football-match.


  2. Noun as Pre-modifier:

āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun-āĻ“ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻŸি noun āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāĻ¸ে, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻŸি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun-āĻŸিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻĢāĻ˛ে, āĻāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻŸি noun āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻ“ adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Faisal went to a book fair.

(b) I have bought a book about science fiction.

(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.


  3.Demonostratives as Pre-modifier:

Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Demonostrative Pronoun āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো  Pre-modifier āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে ।

a) This book is mine.


  ** Participle as Pre-modifier:

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻœাāĻ¨ি, participle āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¯া pre-modifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨āĻ°ূāĻĒঃ


4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:

  āĻāĻŸি verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়ে āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ‡ present participle-āĻŸি noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) He saw a running bus

(b) A barking dog seldom bites.

(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.


  5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:

āĻāĻŸি verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ‡ past participle-āĻŸি noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) It was a written document.

(b) He has bought some rotten fishes.

(c) The signed letter was not sent.


  6.Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:

āĻāĻŸি having + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ‡ perfect participle phrase-āĻŸি āĻ•োāĻ¨ clause-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ clause-āĻŸিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨাāĻ¤্ āĻāĻŸি adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.

(b) Having taken her meal, Naomi went to college.

(c) Having married, Nishat went abroad with her husband.


  7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া noun-āĻ•ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ article (a, an, the) āĻāĻŦং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো determiner āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšূāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Mitu purchased a mobile.

(b) The Jamuna is a big river.

(c) She bought that pen yesterday.

(d) Those players were playing in the field.


  8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier āĻšāĻ˛ো noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻ¨ (quantity) āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ। Singular non-countable noun-āĻāĻ° quantifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং plural countable noun-āĻāĻ° quantifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) She bought ten books from the book fair.

(b) I don’t spend much money unnecessarily.

(c) Many students attended the seminar.

(d) Salman F. Rahman has a lot of money.


  9. Compound as Pre-modifier: āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦা āĻ¤āĻ¤োāĻ§িāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¯োāĻ—ে compound āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻšāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো compound. āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Nibir has purchased a brand-new car.

(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.

(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.

(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.


  10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive āĻšāĻ˛ো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim’s, Shamima’s āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Her brother is an MBBS.

(b) I have already got your idea.

(c) Everybody knows its price.


  11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb āĻšāĻ˛ো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি adverb āĻ•োāĻ¨ verb, adjective, adverb āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒুāĻ°ো sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) The then Principal signed this letter.

(b) The down train will go there.

(c) The above passage is very difficult.

(d) This is the very man you like to meet.

(e) The last man has already left the place.

(f) That question was very important.

(g) The lady walks extremely slowly.

(h) It is a quickly increasing market.

(i) Instantly he left the place.

(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.


  B. Post-modifier: āĻ¯ে modifier āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¤াāĻ•ে post-modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ Keya has bought a book written by Nazrul. āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে written by Nazrul āĻāĻ‡ past participle phrase-āĻŸি book-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ে; āĻĢāĻ˛ে written by Nazrul āĻšāĻ˛ো post-modifier.


āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° Post-modifiers:

āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° post-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻĻেāĻ–াāĻ¨ো āĻšāĻ˛োঃ


1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি adjective / adjective phrase āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ‰āĻ•্āĻ¤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) We made the room decorative.

(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.

(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.


2. Appositive as Post-modifier: āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻŸি noun āĻŦা noun phrase āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ¤ি, āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু āĻŦা āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻŖিāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¯় āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun/noun phrase-āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase-āĻŸিāĻ° appositive āĻŦা case in apposition āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ–্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun/noun phrase-āĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.

(b) Mr. Rohan, the General Manager, is attending the party today.

(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.

3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle/Participle phrase āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¯া pre-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো post-modifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨āĻ°ূāĻĒঃ


  (i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়ে present participle āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ°, verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing + āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে present participle phrase āĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ‡ present participle (phrase)-āĻŸি noun/pronoun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-


  (a) We found the boys playing.

  (b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.

  (c) He saw her going to market.

   Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces. 


  As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).


  Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually  became a victim of Gehrig’s disease  e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.


  I experienced a very interesting incident

  (a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Sirajganj. My friend Rahi (b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road  it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rahi had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rahi tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked


  (d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rahi had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rahi was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.


  Ans: a) last week on my way to Sirajganj b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h)  very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty

Prepared by: Noor E Alam

University of Dhaka

āĻŦীāĻ°āĻļ্āĻ°েāĻˇ্āĻ  āĻ¨ূāĻ° āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻĒাāĻŦāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻ•ুāĻ˛ āĻ…্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ˛েāĻœ

Former teacher, BIT, Gulshan

& South Point School, English Version

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