Wednesday, April 14, 2021

Modifier

 Modifier

Modifier: āĻļাāĻŦ্āĻĻিāĻ• āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে Modifier āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—ুāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļāĻ•াāϰী āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϚ্āĻ›āĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻা⧟| āĻ•িāύ্āϤু English Grammar Modifier  āĻ•োāύো āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύāĻ•াāϰী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ।Modifier- Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ Word- āĻ•েāĻ“ Modify āĻ•āϰে|

Definition: āϝে word āĻŦা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে Modify āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϝāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻ•ে Modifier āĻŦāϞে|


đŸ”ģ  Phrase: (Phrase āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে group of words (āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϚ্āĻ› āϝাāϰ āĻ•োāύ finite verb āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা| āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে, Clause āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āϝাāϰ Subject āĻ“ finite verb āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে|)

The girl wearing a diamond necklace is very rich.


Sheikh Hasina  is a skilled orator (āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা).

The crow swiftly went to the jar.

We have to work hard to shine in life.

Determiner, Adjective, Adverb āĻāĻŦং Noun, Modifier āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে|


Modifier āĻĻুāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ : 1. Pre-modifier 2. Post-modifier


đŸ”ģ  Pre-modifier: Pre āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে| āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϝে Modifier- Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে Modify āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻ•ে Pre-modifier āĻŦāϞে| āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ, Pre-modifier- Noun Phrase āĻāϰ Head word āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Determiner āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāϏে|

Pakistan army swooped on armless Bangalee in 1971.

The sleeping puppy is so cute.


  

đŸ”ģPost-modifier: Post āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒāĻŦে| āϤাāχ āϝে Modifier-Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে Modify āĻ•āϰে,  āϤাāĻ•ে Post Modifier āĻŦāϞে|

There is nothing abnormal in report.


Pre-modifiers

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ Noun, adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে Pre-modifiers  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

Structure: Modifiers + noun/adjective/verb/adverb



●●●Modifier āĻļিāĻ–ুāύ āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĒা⧟ে, āĻāĻŦাāϰ English Grammar āĻšāĻŦে āφāĻĒāύাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āϏāϤ্āϝিāχ āϏāĻšāϜ।


HSC āϤে modifier āύি⧟ে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা⧟ āĻĒāϰে āύি āĻāĻŽāύ student āĻ–ুāϜে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ•āĻ িāύ। āφāϜāĻ•েāϰ āĻāχ āĻĒোāϏ্āϟ āϝāĻĻি āĻ•েāω āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ— āĻĻি⧟ে & āύোāϟ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒ⧜ে āϤাāĻšāϞে modifier āĻĒাāύি āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦে। ā§Ŧ-ā§­ āϟা āĻšāĻŦেāχ। vocabulary āϤে āĻĻāĻ•্āώ āĻšāϞে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāĻŦে। modifier āĻ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āϟু basic grammar āύি⧟ে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰি āϤাāĻšāϞে modifier āĻŦুāĻāϤে āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻŦে।

ā§§) āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ Adjective, Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে। āĻ–াāϟি āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে Adjective āĻŽাāύে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāϰা, āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāϰা?? noun āĻ•ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž āĻĻোāώ, āĻ—ুāύ, āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা।

example : Arony is a cute girl.

āĻāĻ–াāύো girl āĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāϰāϤেāĻ›ে cute, āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāĻ–াāύে cute "Adjective."

⧍) āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ Adverb, Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϏāĻŦ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āĻŦāϏāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž verb āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে, āĻĒāϰে, noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি Adverb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ Adverb āĻŦāϏāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ•āĻĨা⧟ Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϏāĻŦ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟।

example : She laughs loudly.

āĻāĻ–াāύে "laughs" verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ "loudly" Adverb āĻŦāϏে verb āĻ•ে āϜোāϰ āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻŽাāύে modify āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে।

★Modifier āĻ•ী???


āϝে word āĻŦা phrase(āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϚ্āĻ›) āĻ•োāύ noun āĻŦা verb āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āϐ noun āĻŦা verb āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž, āϐ noun āĻŦা verb āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻ•ে modifier āĻŦāϞে।

****Specific uses of Modifier:

★ Pre modify the noun : pre āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে। noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ•ী āĻŦāϏে?? āωāĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϞāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে?? Adjective āĻŦāϏে। āϤাāχ pre modify the noun āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে Adjective āĻšāĻŦে।

example : Rakib was a...........( pre modify the noun) poet.

āĻāĻ–াāύে adjective āĻŦāϏāĻŦে āĻŽাāύে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻŽাāύে। famous/ noble āĻšāĻŦে।

★pre modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ•ি āĻŦāϞāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে??? Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϏāĻŦ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ Adverb āĻŦāϏে। āϤাāχ pre modify the

Adjective/Verb/Adverb āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে।

example : She..........(pre modifythe verb) got idea.

āĻāĻ–াāύে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ্āϝাā§Ž verb āĻ•ে āϜোāϰ āĻĻিāϤে modify āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। suddenly /quickly āĻšāĻŦে।

★post modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: post

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒāϰে। āφāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽāϤোāχ noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϏāĻŦ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟Adverb āĻŦāϏে।

example : Abid can write......( post modify the verb)

āφāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽāϤোāχ Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, verb āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰāĻŦে। āϤাāχ quickly /beautifully āĻšāĻŦে।

āύোāϟ āĻ•āϰে āύিāϤে āĻĒাāϰো: 

**pre modify the noun→ Adjective.

**pre modify the adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

**post modify the Adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

*****pre modify the noun with...............

★possessive → my, him, her, their, our,its (sentence āĻāϰ subject āϟি pronoun āĻāϰ āϝে āĻĢāϰ্āĻŽ āĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে sentence āĻāϰ possessive adjective āϟি āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĢāϰ্āĻŽ āĻ āĻšāĻŦে) āĻ•ি āĻŦুāĻ āύাāχ?? example āĻĻিāϞে āĻ•্āϞি⧟াāϰ āĻšāĻŦে।

example: You can not complete........(pre modify the noun with possessive) studies.

āĻāĻ–াāύে sentence āĻāϰ subject You. You āĻāϰ possessive āĻĢāϰ্āĻŽ your. āϤাāχ your āĻšāĻŦে।

★Gerund→ (verb+ing)

★Infinitive→ (To + V1)

★present participle→( verb+ ing)

★past participle→V3

★ Demostrative →this,that( singular noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে) these, those(plural noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে)

example: She found..........(use a demostrative

to pre modify the noun) jug too heavy.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āϝেāĻšুāϤু jug singular āϤাāχ this āĻšāĻŦে।

★phrase → A group of word that contains no verb

★Appositive→ A group of word that must reflect the Noun/pronoun

★Intensifier→very

★Quantifier→some,few,many( countable noun)

some, much,little( uncountable noun)

example :they have................ (use quantifier pre modify the noun) money.

āĻāĻ–াāύে money uncountable noun āϤাāχ much āĻšāĻŦে।


✴️Pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞোঃ

1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻāĻ•āϟি adjective āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। Adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻ•ে attributive use āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Mim gave him a nice pen.

(b) It was an attractive football-match.


  2. Noun as Pre-modifier:

āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun-āĻ“ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāϟি noun āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun-āϟিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āĻĢāϞে, āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun-āϟি noun āĻšāϝ়েāĻ“ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Faisal went to a book fair.

(b) I have bought a book about science fiction.

(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.


  3.Demonostratives as Pre-modifier:

Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে Demonostrative Pronoun āĻ—ুāϞো  Pre-modifier āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে ।

a) This book is mine.


  ** Participle as Pre-modifier:

āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি, participle āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āϝা pre-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ


4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:

  āĻāϟি verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ present participle-āϟি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) He saw a running bus

(b) A barking dog seldom bites.

(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.


  5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:

āĻāϟি verb-āĻāϰ past participle form āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ past participle-āϟি noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) It was a written document.

(b) He has bought some rotten fishes.

(c) The signed letter was not sent.


  6.Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:

āĻāϟি having + verb-āĻāϰ past participle form + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ perfect participle phrase-āϟি āĻ•োāύ clause-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ clause-āϟিāĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাāϤ্ āĻāϟি adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.

(b) Having taken her meal, Naomi went to college.

(c) Having married, Nishat went abroad with her husband.


  7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা noun-āĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ article (a, an, the) āĻāĻŦং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) āĻ—ুāϞো determiner āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšূāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Mitu purchased a mobile.

(b) The Jamuna is a big river.

(c) She bought that pen yesterday.

(d) Those players were playing in the field.


  8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier āĻšāϞো noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ (quantity) āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ। Singular non-countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং plural countable noun-āĻāϰ quantifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϏে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) She bought ten books from the book fair.

(b) I don’t spend much money unnecessarily.

(c) Many students attended the seminar.

(d) Salman F. Rahman has a lot of money.


  9. Compound as Pre-modifier: āĻĻুāχ āĻŦা āϤāϤোāϧিāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϝোāĻ—ে compound āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞো compound. āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Nibir has purchased a brand-new car.

(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.

(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.

(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.


  10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive āĻšāϞো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim’s, Shamima’s āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Her brother is an MBBS.

(b) I have already got your idea.

(c) Everybody knows its price.


  11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb āĻšāϞো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝা noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϤāĻŦে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি adverb āĻ•োāύ verb, adjective, adverb āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻĒুāϰো sentence-āĻāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে āĻŦāϏে adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) The then Principal signed this letter.

(b) The down train will go there.

(c) The above passage is very difficult.

(d) This is the very man you like to meet.

(e) The last man has already left the place.

(f) That question was very important.

(g) The lady walks extremely slowly.

(h) It is a quickly increasing market.

(i) Instantly he left the place.

(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.


  B. Post-modifier: āϝে modifier āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•োāύ noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে āϤাāĻ•ে post-modifier āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύঃ Keya has bought a book written by Nazrul. āĻāĻ–াāύে written by Nazrul āĻāχ past participle phrase-āϟি book-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে; āĻĢāϞে written by Nazrul āĻšāϞো post-modifier.


āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ Post-modifiers:

āύিāĻŽ্āύে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ post-modifier-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞোঃ


1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি adjective / adjective phrase āĻŦāϏে āωāĻ•্āϤ noun-āĻ•ে modify āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) We made the room decorative.

(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.

(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.


2. Appositive as Post-modifier: āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāϟি noun āĻŦা noun phrase āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি, āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖিāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻাāϝ় āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase-āϟিāϰ appositive āĻŦা case in apposition āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে, āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় noun/noun phrase-āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.

(b) Mr. Rohan, the General Manager, is attending the party today.

(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.

3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻ•িংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। Participle/Participle phrase āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āϝা pre-modifier-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো post-modifier āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒঃ


  (i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে present participle āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āφāĻŦাāϰ, verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ing + āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāϝ়ে present participle phrase āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχ present participle (phrase)-āϟি noun/pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŦāϏে adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-


  (a) We found the boys playing.

  (b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.

  (c) He saw her going to market.

   Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces. 


  As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).


  Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually  became a victim of Gehrig’s disease  e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.


  I experienced a very interesting incident

  (a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Sirajganj. My friend Rahi (b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road  it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rahi had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rahi tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked


  (d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rahi had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rahi was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.


  Ans: a) last week on my way to Sirajganj b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h)  very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty

Prepared by: Noor E Alam

University of Dhaka

āĻŦীāϰāĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āύূāϰ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻĒাāĻŦāϞিāĻ• āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞ āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻ•āϞেāϜ

Former teacher, BIT, Gulshan

& South Point School, English Version

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