Modifier
Modifier
Modifier: āĻļাāĻŦ্āĻĻিāĻ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨে Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻুāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļāĻাāĻ°ী āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇāĻŖāĻŦাāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ্āĻāĻে āĻŦুāĻাā§| āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু English Grammar Modifier āĻোāĻ¨ো āĻিāĻু āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨āĻাāĻ°ী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻিāĻ¤।Modifier- Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ Word- āĻেāĻ Modify āĻāĻ°ে|
Definition: āĻ¯ে word āĻŦা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে Modify āĻāĻ°ে āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§ āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ¯āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে, āĻ¤াāĻে Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে|
đģ Phrase: (Phrase āĻšāĻ্āĻে group of words (āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ্āĻ āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻোāĻ¨ finite verb āĻĨাāĻে āĻ¨া| āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻে, Clause āĻšāĻ্āĻে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻ¯াংāĻļ āĻ¯াāĻ° Subject āĻ finite verb āĻ°ā§েāĻে|)
The girl wearing a diamond necklace is very rich.
Sheikh Hasina is a skilled orator (āĻŦāĻ্āĻ¤া).
The crow swiftly went to the jar.
We have to work hard to shine in life.
Determiner, Adjective, Adverb āĻāĻŦং Noun, Modifier āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে|
Modifier āĻĻুāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ° : 1. Pre-modifier 2. Post-modifier
đģ Pre-modifier: Pre āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে| āĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻ¯ে Modifier- Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Modify āĻāĻ°ে, āĻ¤াāĻে Pre-modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে| āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯, Pre-modifier- Noun Phrase āĻāĻ° Head word āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং Determiner āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ে|
Pakistan army swooped on armless Bangalee in 1971.
The sleeping puppy is so cute.
đģPost-modifier: Post āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒāĻŦে| āĻ¤াāĻ āĻ¯ে Modifier-Noun āĻŦা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Modify āĻāĻ°ে, āĻ¤াāĻে Post Modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে|
There is nothing abnormal in report.
Pre-modifiers
āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ Noun, adjective, verb āĻāĻŦং adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে Pre-modifiers āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšā§।
Structure: Modifiers + noun/adjective/verb/adverb
●●●Modifier āĻļিāĻুāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻĒাā§ে, āĻāĻŦাāĻ° English Grammar āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻĒāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻাāĻে āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯িāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ।
HSC āĻ¤ে modifier āĻ¨িā§ে āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াā§ āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ¨ি āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ student āĻুāĻে āĻĒাāĻā§া āĻāĻ িāĻ¨। āĻāĻāĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĒোāĻ¸্āĻ āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻেāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¯োāĻ āĻĻিā§ে & āĻ¨োāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻĒā§ে āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে modifier āĻĒাāĻ¨ি āĻšā§ে āĻ¯াāĻŦে। ā§Ŧ-ā§ āĻা āĻšāĻŦেāĻ। vocabulary āĻ¤ে āĻĻāĻ্āĻˇ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāĻŦে। modifier āĻ āĻ¯াāĻā§াāĻ° āĻāĻে āĻāĻāĻু basic grammar āĻ¨িā§ে āĻāĻ˛োāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ি āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে modifier āĻŦুāĻāĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻšāĻŦে।
ā§§) āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Adjective, Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻাāĻি āĻŦাংāĻ˛াā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻেāĻ˛ে Adjective āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°া, āĻাāĻে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°া?? noun āĻে। āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§ āĻĻোāĻˇ, āĻুāĻ¨, āĻ¸ংāĻ্āĻ¯া āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°া।
example : Arony is a cute girl.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ো girl āĻে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°āĻ¤েāĻে cute, āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে cute "Adjective."
ā§¨) āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻ¨āĻ¤ Adverb, Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻাā§া āĻŦাāĻি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻাā§āĻাā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§ verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻে, āĻĒāĻ°ে, noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি Adverb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻ Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻĨাā§ Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻাā§া āĻŦাāĻি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻাā§āĻাā§।
example : She laughs loudly.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে "laughs" verb āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° "loudly" Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে verb āĻে āĻোāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ্āĻে āĻŽাāĻ¨ে modify āĻāĻ°āĻে।
★Modifier āĻী???
āĻ¯ে word āĻŦা phrase(āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ্āĻ) āĻোāĻ¨ noun āĻŦা verb āĻāĻ° āĻāĻে āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ noun āĻŦা verb āĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে
āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§, āĻ noun āĻŦা verb āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤াāĻে modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে।
****Specific uses of Modifier:
★ Pre modify the noun : pre āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে। noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻী āĻŦāĻ¸ে?? āĻāĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻিāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻāĻে?? Adjective āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻ pre modify the noun āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে Adjective āĻšāĻŦে।
example : Rakib was a...........( pre modify the noun) poet.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে adjective āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦে āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻĒাāĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻŽাāĻ¨ে। famous/ noble āĻšāĻŦে।
★pre modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: āĻāĻĒāĻ°ে āĻি āĻŦāĻ˛āĻিāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻāĻে??? Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻাā§া āĻŦাāĻি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻাā§āĻাā§ Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¤াāĻ pre modify the
Adjective/Verb/Adverb āĻĨাāĻāĻ˛ে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে।
example : She..........(pre modifythe verb) got idea.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ্āĻ¯াā§ verb āĻে āĻোāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¤ে modify āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। suddenly /quickly āĻšāĻŦে।
★post modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: post
āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻāĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤োāĻ noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻাā§া āĻŦাāĻি āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻাā§āĻাā§Adverb āĻŦāĻ¸ে।
example : Abid can write......( post modify the verb)
āĻāĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤োāĻ Adverb āĻšāĻŦে, verb āĻে modify āĻāĻ°āĻŦে। āĻ¤াāĻ quickly /beautifully āĻšāĻŦে।
āĻ¨োāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ো:
**pre modify the noun→ Adjective.
**pre modify the adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.
**post modify the Adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.
*****pre modify the noun with...............
★possessive → my, him, her, their, our,its (sentence āĻāĻ° subject āĻি pronoun āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ āĻĨাāĻāĻŦে sentence āĻāĻ° possessive adjective āĻি āĻāĻāĻ āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ āĻšāĻŦে) āĻি āĻŦুāĻ āĻ¨াāĻ?? example āĻĻিāĻ˛ে āĻ্āĻ˛িā§াāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে।
example: You can not complete........(pre modify the noun with possessive) studies.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে sentence āĻāĻ° subject You. You āĻāĻ° possessive āĻĢāĻ°্āĻŽ your. āĻ¤াāĻ your āĻšāĻŦে।
★Gerund→ (verb+ing)
★Infinitive→ (To + V1)
★present participle→( verb+ ing)
★past participle→V3
★ Demostrative →this,that( singular noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে) these, those(plural noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে)
example: She found..........(use a demostrative
to pre modify the noun) jug too heavy.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে āĻ¯েāĻšুāĻ¤ু jug singular āĻ¤াāĻ this āĻšāĻŦে।
★phrase → A group of word that contains no verb
★Appositive→ A group of word that must reflect the Noun/pronoun
★Intensifier→very
★Quantifier→some,few,many( countable noun)
some, much,little( uncountable noun)
example :they have................ (use quantifier pre modify the noun) money.
āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে money uncountable noun āĻ¤াāĻ much āĻšāĻŦে।
✴️Pre-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻĻেāĻাāĻ¨ো āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: āĻāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻāĻāĻি adjective āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ noun-āĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে। Adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°āĻে attributive use āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Mim gave him a nice pen.
(b) It was an attractive football-match.
2. Noun as Pre-modifier:
āĻ āĻ¨েāĻ āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun-āĻ noun-āĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻি noun āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāĻ¸ে, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun-āĻিāĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে। āĻĢāĻ˛ে, āĻāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun-āĻি noun āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻ adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Faisal went to a book fair.
(b) I have bought a book about science fiction.
(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.
3.Demonostratives as Pre-modifier:
Noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে Demonostrative Pronoun āĻুāĻ˛ো Pre-modifier āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে ।
a) This book is mine.
** Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻŽāĻ°া āĻাāĻ¨ি, participle āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻিংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻĨাāĻে। Participle āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ° āĻ¯া pre-modifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻāĻুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨āĻ°ূāĻĒঃ
4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ present participle-āĻি noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) He saw a running bus
(b) A barking dog seldom bites.
(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.
5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ past participle-āĻি noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) It was a written document.
(b) He has bought some rotten fishes.
(c) The signed letter was not sent.
6.Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:
āĻāĻি having + verb-āĻāĻ° past participle form + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ perfect participle phrase-āĻি āĻোāĻ¨ clause-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ clause-āĻিāĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨাāĻ¤্ āĻāĻি adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.
(b) Having taken her meal, Naomi went to college.
(c) Having married, Nishat went abroad with her husband.
7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া noun-āĻে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ article (a, an, the) āĻāĻŦং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) āĻুāĻ˛ো determiner āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšূāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Mitu purchased a mobile.
(b) The Jamuna is a big river.
(c) She bought that pen yesterday.
(d) Those players were playing in the field.
8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier āĻšāĻ˛ো noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻ¨ (quantity) āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ। Singular non-countable noun-āĻāĻ° quantifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŦং plural countable noun-āĻāĻ° quantifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻŦāĻ¸ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) She bought ten books from the book fair.
(b) I don’t spend much money unnecessarily.
(c) Many students attended the seminar.
(d) Salman F. Rahman has a lot of money.
9. Compound as Pre-modifier: āĻĻুāĻ āĻŦা āĻ¤āĻ¤োāĻ§িāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ¯োāĻে compound āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻুāĻ˛ো compound. āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Nibir has purchased a brand-new car.
(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.
(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.
(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.
10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive āĻšāĻ˛ো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim’s, Shamima’s āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Her brother is an MBBS.
(b) I have already got your idea.
(c) Everybody knows its price.
11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb āĻšāĻ˛ো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ¯া noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি adverb āĻোāĻ¨ verb, adjective, adverb āĻিংāĻŦা āĻĒুāĻ°ো sentence-āĻāĻ° āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) The then Principal signed this letter.
(b) The down train will go there.
(c) The above passage is very difficult.
(d) This is the very man you like to meet.
(e) The last man has already left the place.
(f) That question was very important.
(g) The lady walks extremely slowly.
(h) It is a quickly increasing market.
(i) Instantly he left the place.
(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.
B. Post-modifier: āĻ¯ে modifier āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻোāĻ¨ noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻ¤াāĻে post-modifier āĻŦāĻ˛ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ঃ Keya has bought a book written by Nazrul. āĻāĻাāĻ¨ে written by Nazrul āĻāĻ past participle phrase-āĻি book-āĻে modify āĻāĻ°েāĻে; āĻĢāĻ˛ে written by Nazrul āĻšāĻ˛ো post-modifier.
āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° Post-modifiers:
āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨ে āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° post-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻĻেāĻাāĻ¨ো āĻšāĻ˛োঃ
1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: āĻāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে noun āĻŦা noun phrase-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻāĻি adjective / adjective phrase āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻ্āĻ¤ noun-āĻে modify āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) We made the room decorative.
(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.
(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.
2. Appositive as Post-modifier: āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻি noun āĻŦা noun phrase āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦāĻ¸ে āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি, āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু āĻŦা āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻŖিāĻে āĻŦুāĻাāĻ¯় āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun/noun phrase-āĻিāĻে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase-āĻিāĻ° appositive āĻŦা case in apposition āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় noun/noun phrase-āĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ noun/noun phrase āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.
(b) Mr. Rohan, the General Manager, is attending the party today.
(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.
3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা adjective āĻিংāĻŦা adverb-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻĨাāĻে। Participle/Participle phrase āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ° āĻ¯া pre-modifier-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো post-modifier āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦেāĻ āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻāĻুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨āĻ°ূāĻĒঃ
(i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়ে present participle āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻŦাāĻ°, verb-āĻāĻ° base form-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ing + āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে present participle phrase āĻāĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ present participle (phrase)-āĻি noun/pronoun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¸ে adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻাāĻ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨-
(a) We found the boys playing.
(b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.
(c) He saw her going to market.
Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces.
As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).
Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually became a victim of Gehrig’s disease e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.
I experienced a very interesting incident
(a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Sirajganj. My friend Rahi (b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rahi had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rahi tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked
(d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rahi had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rahi was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.
Ans: a) last week on my way to Sirajganj b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h) very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty
Prepared by: Noor E Alam
University of Dhaka
āĻŦীāĻ°āĻļ্āĻ°েāĻˇ্āĻ āĻ¨ূāĻ° āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻĒাāĻŦāĻ˛িāĻ āĻ¸্āĻুāĻ˛ āĻ ্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻĄ āĻāĻ˛েāĻ
Former teacher, BIT, Gulshan
& South Point School, English Version
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