Friday, April 30, 2021

Appropriate Preposition with M and N

 


Appropriate Preposition with M and N


1. Married to (বিবাহিত) Samara was married to a businessman.


2. Made of (তৈরি) The necklace is made of diamond.💎


3.  Match for (প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী) He is match for me.


4 . Meet with (হঠাৎ কোন কিছু হওয়া) A couple of days ago, he met an accident.


5.  Mourn for/ Over (শোক করা / বিলাপ করা) We should not mourn for the dead.


Appropriate Preposition with N


1. Name after (নামকরণ করা) This mosque is named after his grandfather.


2. Necessary to/for (প্রয়োজনীয়) Balanced diet is necessary to maintain good health. It is not necessary for him to do the work.


3. Need for/of (প্রয়োজন) There is need for a good job. I don't feel any need of fame


4. Neglect of (অবহেলা) The employer asked the labour to explain the cause of neglect of  duty.


5. Noted for (বিখ্যাত) Nipa is noted for dancing.



Wednesday, April 28, 2021

Feel like

 




কী করতে  ইচ্ছে করছে?!


⭐Feel like ইচ্ছে করছে

⭐Felt like ইচ্ছে করছিলো

⭐Don't/doesn't feel like ইচ্ছে করছে না

⭐Didn't feel like ইচ্ছে করছিলো না।


Structure: 

1. Subject + feel like/ feels like + verb + ing+ extension (optional)

2. Subject + don't feel like/ doesn't feel like + verb + ing + extension

3. Subject + felt like + verb + ing + extension (optional)

4. Subject + didn't feel like + verb + ing + extension (optional)


🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻


১. আমার বিশ্রাম নিতে ইচ্ছে করছে- I feel like taking rest .

২. তার ঠান্ডা পানি খেতে ইচ্ছে করছে- She feels like drinking cold water.

৩. এই প্রচণ্ড রোদে আমার বাইরে যেতে ইচ্ছে করছে না- I don't feel like going out in this scorching sun.

৪. তার আইসক্রিম খেতে ইচ্ছে করছে-

 He feels like having an ice cream.🍨

৫. আমার কোন কিছু করতে ইচ্ছে করছে না। 

- I  feel like doing nothing.

৬. আমার বাইরে যেতে ইচ্ছে করছিলো ‌।

- I felt like going out.

৭. তার খেতে ইচ্ছে করছিলো না।

- He didn't feel like eating.

৮. তার ঘুমাতে ইচ্ছে করছে।

- He feels like sleeping.

৯. তার এখন ঘুমাতে ইচ্ছে করছে না।

- He doesn't feel like seeping right now.

১০. আমার কথা বলতে ইচ্ছে করছে না।

- I don't feel like talking.


❤️❤️✴️✴️✴️❤️❤️✴️✴️✴️❤️❤️




Thursday, April 22, 2021

Conditional Sentences

 



Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences কত প্রকার ও কি কি:-

Ans:  Conditional sentences তিন প্রকার যথা-

a) open conditional sentences বা first conditional sentence

b) Remote conditional sentences বা second conditional sentences

c) Impossible conditional sentences বা third conditional sentences.

a) open conditional sentences বা first conditional sentences :-  শর্ত শ্রোতার উপর ছেড়ে দেওয় হয়। যদি সে শর্ত পূরণ করে তাহলে ফল(result) পাবে আর শর্তটি পূরণ না করলে ফল( result) পাবে না। 

উদাহরণ:- যদি তুমি ভালোভাবে পড়াশোনা করো, তুমি পরীক্ষায় ভালো ফল করবে।

If you study well, you will make good result in the examination.

Note:- open conditional clause এ অবশ্যই present indefinite tense এ হবেই। এবং result clause টি future indefinite tense এ অবশ্যই হবে।

Structure: If + Simple present+ simple future

Q:- If you…..(go) there, he will help you.

Ans:- যেহেতু Result Clause টি future indefinite tense আছে  তাই এটা হলো open conditional sentence. এবং open conditional clsuse টি অবশ্যই present indefinite হবে।

If you go there, he will help you. যদি তুমি সেখানে যাও, সে তোমাকে সাহায্য করবে।

Variations of open conditional sentences:- open conditional sentences এ factual conditional sentences ও বলা হয়। Factual conditional sentence হল সেগুলি যেগুলিতে বৈজ্ঞানিক ঘটনা থাকে। আর বৈজ্ঞানিক ঘটনা থাকলে আমরা দুটি Clause এ present indefinite tense ব্যবহার করি।

উদাহরণ:- যদি তুমি মাখন গরম করো, মাখন গলে যাবে।

If you heat butter, it will melt.

বরফ যদি গরম করা হয় গলে যায়।

If ice is heated, it will melt.

Note:- factual conditional sentences কে zero conditional sentence ও বলা হয়।

Q:- If you…..( need) money, send me a cable.

Ans:- if you need money, inform me.

যদি তোমার টাকার দরকার হয়, আমাকে জানিও।

Note:- Imperative sentence থাকলে তা অবশ্যই zero conditional sentence ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অর্থাৎ দুটি clause এ present indefinite tense ব্যবহার করতে হয়। 

Q:- If anything……….   , call the police.

A) happen

B) Will happen

C) should happen

D) None

Ans:- C) should happen.

If anything should happen, call the police. যদি কোন কিছু ঘটে, পুলিশকে ডাকো।

If anything should happen, call the police. এই বাক্যটিতে if কে তুলে দিয়ে তার পরিবর্তে should বসালেও হবে।

Should anything happen, call the police. কিন্তু মনে রাখতে হবে should এর জায়গায় অন্য কোন শব্দ থাকলে এরকম পরিবর্তন করা যায় না।

Note:- Imperative sentence থাকলে তাতে অবশ্যই zero conditional sentence ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অর্থাৎ দুটি clause এ present indefinite tense ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Present indefinite tense option দেওয়া না থাকলে তখন conditional clause টিতে should+V1 ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Remote conditional sentences বা second conditional sentences:- এই conditional sentence এ শুধু কথা গুলো বলা হয়েছে কিন্তু কাজটা এখনও ঘটেনি ।

একে নিম্নলিখিত নামেও ডাকা হয়-

Unreal past /imaginary / hypothetical/ improbable conditional sentences.

Remote conditional sentences এর condition clause এ past indefinite tense ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং Result/main cluse এ Would+V1  ব্যবহার করা হয়। কখনো কখনো Would এর জায়গায় could/might/should ব্যবহার করা হয় সেন্স অনুযায়ী।

উদাহরণ:- If he…..(study), he would pass.

Ans:- If he studied, he would pass. যদি সে পড়াশোনা করত, সে পাস করত।

Q:- If I ….(be) a bird, I could fly.

Ans:- এখানে বাক্যটিতে কাল্পনিক ইচ্ছার কথা বলা হচ্ছে তাই I subject এরপর were হবে

If I were you, I would not do this.  আমি যদি তুমি  হতাম, তবে এটা করতাম না।

যদি main verb were হয় তাহলে উপরের বাক্যটিকে নিম্নলিখিতভাবেও লেখা যায়। কিন্তু মনে রাখতে হবে were ছাড়া অন্য কোন verb এর ক্ষেত্রে এটা প্রযোজ্য নয়। এমনকি was থাকলেও হবে না।

Were I a bird, I could fly. যদি আমি পাখি হতাম, আমি উড়তাম।

Q:- If I…….(be) you, I would hire a taxi.

A) was

B) were

C) am

D) None

Ans:- B) were.

If I were you, I would hire a taxi. যদি আমি তোমার জায়গায় হতাম আমি ট্যাক্সি করতাম।/ আমি যদি তুমি হতাম, আমি ট্যাক্সি করতাম।

Note:- Remote conditional sentence এর দ্বারা কাল্পনিক ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ করলে conditional clause এ be verb থাকলে সেখানে I/he/she subject এর জন্য were, you/they subject এর জন্য was ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Q:- If I were a bird, I could fly.

Were I a bird, I could fly.

What is the difference between above two sentences—.  

A) there is no difference in the meaning

B) there are differences in the meaning

C) A is correct & B is incorrect.

D)  A is incorrect & B is correct

Ans:- A) there is no difference in the meaning.

Note:-  মানের দিক দিয়ে কোন পার্থক্য নেই। কিন্তু ব্যবহারের দিক দিয়ে পার্থক্য রয়েছে– প্রথম বাক্যটি written English এ ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটি spoken English এ ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Impossible conditional sentence বা third conditional sentences :-  একে  rejected past ও বলা হয়।কেননা এটা অতীতকালে অনেক আগের কথা (যা অসম্পূর্ণ) এখন আর কাজটি বাস্তবে সম্পূর্ণ বা পরিণত করা সম্ভব নয়।অর্থাৎ বর্তমানে আর কাজটা কোনভাবেই ঘটা সম্ভব নয়।

Impossible conditional sentence এর conditional clause এ past perfect tense ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং Result/main clause এ would/could/might/should+have+V3 ব্যবহার করা হয়।

উদাহরণ:- If he had studied, he would have passed. যদি সে পড়ে থাকত তাহলে সে পাশ করে থাকত।

এই বাক্যটিকে নিম্নলিখিতভাবে লেখা যাবে এবং দুটো বাক্যের অর্থ একই হবে—-

Had he studied, he would have passed.

Note:-  মানের দিক দিয়ে কোন পার্থক্য নেই। কিন্তু ব্যবহারের দিক দিয়ে পার্থক্য রয়েছে– প্রথম বাক্যটি written English এ ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটি spoken English এ ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Q:- If  he studied, he would pass. যদি সে পড়ত তাহলে সে পাশ করে করত।

If he had studied, he would have passed. যদি সে পড়ে থাকত তাহলে সে পাশ করে থাকত।

What are the difference between them ?

Ans:- প্রথম বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে present time এর কথা বলা হয়েছে। কিন্তু verb এর form V2. প্রথম বাক্যটির মাধ্যমে বোঝানো হচ্ছে যে– সে পড়াশোনা করবেও না আর সে পাশও করতে পারবে না। অর্থাৎ শুধুমাত্র কল্পনা করা হচ্ছে।

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের মাধ্যমে past time এর কথা বলা হচ্ছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটির মাধ্যমে বোঝানো হচ্ছে যে—– যদি সে পড়াশোনা করে থাকত তাহলে সে পাশ করে থাকত। কিন্তু বর্তমানে তার পরীক্ষার রেজাল্ট বার হয়ে গেছে আর কাজটি করা কোনভাবেই সম্ভব নয় অর্থাৎ এটি এখন rejected.

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1. Conditional clause টি V1 form এ থাকলে Result/main Clause এ সাধারণত will+V1 থাকবে। Will এর জায়গায় shall/can/may থাকতে পারে।

উদাহরণ:- যদি সে আসে তাহলে আমি যাব।

If he comes, I will go.

2.Conditional clause টি V2 form এ থাকলে Result/main Clause এ সাধারণত would+V1 থাকবে। Would এর জায়গায় should/could/might ও থাকতে পারে।

উদাহরণ:- যদি সে আসত তাহলে আমি যেতাম।
If he came, I would go.

3. Conditional clause টি had+V3 form এ থাকলে Result/main Clause এ সাধারণত would+have+V3 থাকবে। Would এর জায়গায় should/could/might থাকতে পারে।

উদাহরণ:- যদি সে আসত তাহলে আমি গিয়ে থাকতাম।
If he had come, I would have gone.

আরো কিছু বিভিন্ন ধরনের উদাহরণ:-

1. তোমার কাজটি করা উচিত ছিল।

you should have done the work.

2. যেহেতু সে তোমার সাথে প্রতারণা করেছিল, তোমার তাকে সাহায্য করা উচিত ছিল না।

Since he had cheated with you, you should not have helped him.

3. যদি মেয়েটি তোমাকে সত্যি ভালোবাসত, তোমার তাকে বিয়ে করা উচিত ছিল।

If the girl had loved you really, you should have married her.

4. যদি সে আমাকে ভালোবাসতো, আমি তাকে বিয়ে করতাম।

If she had loved me, I would have married her.

5. আগে জানলে আমি তাকে ভালোবাসতাম না।

Had I known before, I would not have loved her.

Or

If I had known before, I would not have loved her.

6. আমি আগে জানলে তাকে বিয়ে করতাম না।

Had I known before, I would not have married her

7. আমি তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে পারতাম।

I could have helped him.

Or

I would have helped him.

8. যদি রোগীকে হাসপাতালে নেয়া হতো তবুও রোগীটিকে বাঁচাতে পারতাম না।

If the patient had taken to the hospital, we could not have saved his life.

9. আমি চাইলেই ব্যাংকে টাকা জমাতে পারতাম।

If I had wanted, I could have deposited money in the bank.

10. আমি তাকে সবসময় টাকা দিতাম।

I would give him money always.

11. সে চাইলেই আমি তাকে টাকা দিতাম।

If he had wanted, I would have given him money.

12. আমি আমার বসকে ম্যানেজ করতে পারতাম।

I could have managed my boss.

13. আমি চাইলেই, বসকে ম্যানেজ করতে পারতাম।

If I had wanted, I could have managed boss.

Had I wanted, I could have managed boss.

14. তোমার চাকরিটা করা উচিত ছিল।

You should have served the job.

উদাহরণ:-

1. Our crop——(fail) if it doesn’t rain.(RAS 2008)

এখানে conditional clause if it doesn’t rain এর verb rain V1 form এ আছে। তাই Result/main clause এ will +V1 হবে।

Ans:-Our crop will fail if it doesn’t rain.  বৃষ্টি না পরলে ফসল খারাপ হয়ে যাবে।

2.  What you——(do) if you had plenty of money ? (RAS 2001)

এখানে conditional clause if you had plenty of money এর verb had V2 form এ আছে। তাই Result/main clause এ would +V1 হবে।

Ans:- What would you—do- if you had plenty of money ?

3. He —–(pass) if he had worked hard.(RAS 2008)

এখানে conditional clause if you had worked hard এর verb had V3 form এ আছে। তাই Result/main clause এ would have +V3 হবে।

Ans:- He would have passed if he had worked hard.

4. We—–(reach) at 7 pm unless something goes wrong.(RAS 2007)

Ans:- We would reach at 7 pm unless something goes wrong.

5. If he—- (arrive) tomorrow, he will be in time for  the interview.(RAS 2001)

Ans:- If he arrivals tomorrow, he will be in time for the interview.

6. If he will study, he will pass the examination easily.

Mention the error.

Ans:- Conditional clause এ কখনও Future tense ব্যবহৃত হয় না তাই conditional clause এর মধ্যে error রয়েছে।

If he study, he will pass the examination easily.

7. If the driver——the car, the child would have been killed.

A) has not stopped

B) did not stop

C) may not stop

D) had not stopped.

Ans:- যেহেতু Result /main clause এ Would have been killed অর্থাৎ would have+V3 রয়েছে তাই conditional clause এ had+V3 হবে।

If the driver had not stopped the car, the child would have been killed.

8.  She would do it happily if she —-the monitor.

A) is

B) was

C) were

D) had been

যেহেতু Result /main clause এ Would do  অর্থাৎ would V2 form এ রয়েছে তাই conditional clause এ V2 form হবে কিন্তু কাল্পনিক বুঝালে was/were এর মধ্যে were হবে।

C) were.

9:- If he …..(go) there, she will help you.

A) go

B) went

C) goes

D) None

Ans:- C) goes.

Ans:- If he goes there, I  will help him. যদি সে সেখানে যায়, আমি তাকে সাহায্য করবো।

10:- She would do it if I…….( ask).

A) asked

B) aske

C) had asked

D) none

Ans:- A) asked.

She would do it if I asked. সে এটা করত যদি আমি বলতাম।

11:- She ……( do) it if I had told her.

A) did

B) do

C) has done

D) would have done

Ans:- D) Would have done.

She would have done it if I had told her.

সে এটা করে থাকত যদি আমি তাকে বলে থাকতাম।

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Theme writing




HSC Theme Writing.

বর্তমানে শিক্ষার্থীদের কাছে Theme Writing একটি জটিল বিষয় । কিন্তু একটু নিয়ম মেনে লিখতে পারলে ব্যাপারটি বেশ সহজ হয়ে যায়। আমরা যদিও সর্বদা উপলব্ধিহীন মুখস্তবিদ্যাকে অনুৎসাহিত করি, কিন্তু HSC ইংরেজি ১ম পত্র পরীক্ষায় বছরকয়েক ধরে যুক্ত হয়েছে কবিতার Theme লেখার প্রশ্ন। একে তো সর্বশেষ সংস্করণের English For Today বইটি আমাদের দেশের শিক্ষার্থীদের কলেজ পর্যায়ে ইংরেজি দক্ষতার চেয়ে অনেক এগিয়ে। উপরন্তু, কবিতার Theme লেখার মত একটি কৌশলগত বিষয়ের সাথে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় পর্যায়ের নিচে অনেকেই পরিচিত নন। অনেক প্রশিক্ষকই Summary কেই Theme বলে চালিয়ে দিচ্ছেন। সবমিলিয়ে, শিক্ষার্থীদের নিকট HSC Theme Writing বিষয়ে নেই কোন সুনির্দিষ্ট guidelines.

এসব সমস্যায় পড়ে শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুদের আর উপায় থাকছে না – গাইডবই বা কোচিং-নোট থেকে কবিতার Theme গুলো হুবহু লিখে দেয়। । এই সমস্যার সমাধানকল্পে আমরা দুটো বিষয়ের পরিকল্পনা করেছি ।

HSC Theme Writing নিয়ে আমাদের পরিকল্পনা :-

  • সহজ ভাষায় লেখা কবিতাগুলোর Paraphrase পড়তে শিক্ষার্থীদের উৎসাহিত করা।

  • শিক্ষার্থীদের নিকট theme writing এর কিছু মডেল তুলে ধরা।

  • মোটাদাগে theme writing এর নিয়ম মেনে লেখা – এমন দেখে দেখে বাছাই করা হবে।

  • আর সেগুলোর মান ও উপযোগিতা থাকবে সহজ থেকে কঠিন – বিভিন্ন পর্যায়ের।

  • স্কুল, কলেজ থেকে নিয়ে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পাঠকরা তা হতে উপকৃত হতে পারবেন।

আমরা আশা করি, একই কবিতার Theme এর উপর একাধিক আঙ্গিক ও স্তরের লেখা দ্বারা শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা কিছুটা হলেও Theme Writing এর কাঙ্ক্ষিত দক্ষতার কাছাকাছি পৌঁছবেন, এবং আমরা নিরেট মুখস্তবিদ্যার অভিশাপ থেকে কিছুটা বের হয়ে আসব।

What is beauty নিয়ে দুটি কবিতার Theme ...

She Walks in Beauty’ and ‘I Died for Beauty’

 English For Today বইয়ের Unit 14, Lesson 1 এ What is Beauty নামের অধ্যায়ে Beauty প্রসঙ্গে দুটি কবিতা রয়েছে : ‘She Walks in Beauty’ and ‘I Died for Beauty’। একটি কবিতার লেখক একজন ব্রিটিশ পুরুষ কবি Lord Byron অপরটির লেখক একজন আমেরিকান নারী Emily Dickinson আটলান্টিক মহাসাগরের দুধারের দুজন কবিতা লিখেছেন কিন্তু একই বিষয়কে ঘিরে – সৌন্দর্য।

দুটি কবিতাই HSC English First Paper পরীক্ষার Theme Writing এর জন্য খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। এসো, কবিতা দুটির Theme সম্পর্কে আমরা পড়ে নিই :

She Walks in Beauty‘ by Lord Byron

Theme: The main theme of the poem is ‘beauty’ gained through harmony. The poet celebrates the exceptional beauty of an unnamed woman excellently. He compares this unnamed woman to a lovely night with a clear starry sky. According to him the beauty of the woman is a harmonious meeting between darkness and light. The poem also shows that the physical beauty of the woman is linked to her inner beauty. The woman’s outer appearance is read as a sign of her inner serenity, peacefulness and innocence. Her outer beauty is a reflection of her inner beauty. Thus the poet shows that this perfect beauty of the woman is because of her inner and outer beauty being in harmony with one another. 

I Died for Beauty‘ by Emily Dickinson

Theme: The poem mainly deals with two very familiar themes. They are beauty and truth. The poet boldly depicts the keen relationship between these two concepts- beauty and truth. Beauty and truth are two inseparable ideals in life. The poem shows that these two fundamentals are in touch with each other in the afterlife, even till their decay by the moss. They are brethren and kinsmen. These themes of beauty and truth also remind us of the Keatsian saying,”beauty is truth, truth beauty”. 



Wednesday, April 21, 2021

অপরিকল্পিত নগরায়ণের পরিণতি

 



অপরিকল্পিত নগরায়ণের পরিণতি


নগর দুর্যোগ নতুন কিছু নয়, বরং যখন থেকে নগরের গোড়াপত্তন ঘটেছে তখন থেকেই আপদ ও দুর্যোগ সৃষ্টি হয়েছে। তবে বিংশ শতাব্দীর শেষ দশক এবং একবিংশ শতাব্দীতে এসে নগর দুর্যোগ ভয়াবহ আকার ধারণ করেছে।


প্রশ্ন হল, কেন এত বড় বড় বিপর্যয় নগরের সাধারণ বাসিন্দাদের অনিরাপদ ও মৃত্যু থেকে শুরু করে সম্পদ ধ্বংসের পর্যায়ে নিয়ে এসেছে। এর উত্তর খুঁজতে হলে বাংলাদেশসহ উন্নয়নশীল ও অনুন্নত সব দেশের নগরায়ণ প্রক্রিয়ার দিকে নজর দেয়া দরকার। অর্থাৎ এসব দেশের নগরায়ণ হয়েছে অপরিকল্পিতভাবে এবং এটাকে অতি নগরায়ণ বলেও ব্যাখ্যা দেয়া হয়।


আমাদের রাজধানী ঢাকায় মাত্র ১৩৫৩ বর্গকিলোমিটার জায়গায় প্রায় দুই কোটি লোকের বসবাস, যেখানে ১৯৯৩ সালের আগে কোনো বিল্ডিং কোড ছিল না। এমনকি বিল্ডিং কোড প্রবর্তন হওয়ার দু’দশকের মধ্যে রাজউকের মাধ্যমে যেসব বিল্ডিংয়ের অনুমোদন দেয়া হয়েছে সেগুলো বিল্ডিং কোড না মেনে নিজেদের ইচ্ছামতো নির্মাণ কাজ করেছে, যার প্রকৃষ্ট উদাহরণ এফআর টাওয়ার।


যদিও ভূমিকম্প ঝুঁকিকে ঢাকা শহরের এক নম্বর ঝুঁকি বলা হয়; কিন্তু সবচেয়ে বড় যে চ্যালেঞ্জ সেটি হচ্ছে, বহুতলা এ ভবনগুলোয় স্থাপিত অফিসে অথবা আবাসিক এলাকায় অবস্থানকারী জনগোষ্ঠীর মধ্যে অগ্নিদুর্ঘটনা ও করণীয় সম্পর্কে কোনো বিজ্ঞানভিত্তিক জ্ঞান এবং ন্যূনতম প্রশিক্ষণের মাধ্যমে তাদের সচেতন করা কিংবা কীভাবে জরুরি দুর্যোগ মোকাবেলা করা যায় সে বিষয়ে করণীয় সম্পর্কে কোনো ধারণা ও ব্যবস্থা নেই।


সাধারণত বহুতল ভবনগুলোয় যে বিষয়গুলো জরুরি ও বাধ্যবাধকতার মধ্যে পড়ে সেগুলো হল- ভূমিকম্প ও আগুন ব্যবস্থাপনা সম্পর্কে ভবনের সবাইকে মকড্রিল, সিমুলেশন এবং নির্গমন ব্যবস্থার সঙ্গে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে যোগাযোগ স্থাপন করা, যাতে যে কোনো মুহূর্তে যে কোনো জরুরি দুর্যোগ মোকাবেলা করার ব্যবস্থাগুলোর সঙ্গে বসবাসকারীরা সম্পৃক্ত হতে পারেন এবং মানসিকভাবে আগে থেকেই প্রস্তুত থাকতে পারেন।


বাংলাদেশের নগরগুলোয় বহুতল ভবনের ব্যবস্থাপনায় আরও যে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়গুলো এড়িয়ে যাওয়া হয় সেগুলো হল- স্মোক সেনসেটিভ ডিটেক্টর, ফায়ার অ্যালার্ম সিস্টেম, স্মোকফিক্স/সেনসেটিভ ডোর, ভেন্টিলেশন, এক্সহাস্ট ফ্যান, অটো ফায়ার এক্সটিংগুইশার, ফায়ার ফাইটিং অ্যাপারেটাস, জরুরি হেল্পলাইন, ফায়ার সেফটি ক্লিয়ারেন্স (যেটি প্রতিটি ফ্লোরের দেয়ালে টানিয়ে দেয়া বাধ্যতামূলক হওয়া দরকার), ফায়ার ইন্সপেকশন, ফায়ার সিস্টেম মেইন্টেনেন্স, সেফটি ফায়ার ভলান্টিয়ার, ফায়ার প্রুফ স্টেয়ারস, ইমার্জেন্সি এলিভেটর, ফায়ার ইনসিডেন্ট রিমোটিং, ফায়ার স্টান্ডার্ড রুলস (সব ফ্লোরে টানিয়ে দিতে হবে) এবং জলাধার।


ঢাকা শহরে নির্মিত ভবনগুলোর কোনোটিই না ভূমিকম্প সহনীয় বা না আছে এর কোনো পরিকল্পিত ও অনুমোদিত নকশা। উল্লেখ্য, বিশ্বের সব পরিকল্পিত নগরীতে রয়েছে জোনভিত্তিক ভবন ও অন্যান্য অবকাঠামোগত সুযোগ-সুবিধাসহ নানা ধরনের ইউটিলিটি সাপোর্ট সিস্টেম, যেটি মূলত টেকসই ও কম ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ।


কিন্তু ঢাকা শহরের ভবন নির্মাণে কোনো জোনিং নেই। যে কারণে এখানে রাজমিস্ত্রি, নন-ইঞ্জিনিয়ার, নন-আর্কিটেক্ট, নন-ডিজাইনার, এমনকি মালিক নিজেই সেল্ফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ের মাধ্যমে ভবন, এমনকি বহুতল ভবন নির্মাণ করেছেন, যা শুধু হাস্যকর নয়, বরং ঝুঁকির মাত্রা কোনো স্কেলেও পরিমাণ করা সম্ভব নয়।


পাশাপাশি অপরিকল্পিত সরু লেনের সমাহার, যা দেখে মনে হয় এখানে নির্মাণের ক্ষেত্রে বাধা দেয়া বা মনিটর করার মতো কর্তৃপক্ষের উপস্থিতি নেই, নতুবা অদৃশ্য কোনো কারণে বাধা দেয়া হয়নি। যে কোনো দুর্যোগ ঘটে গেলে উদ্ধার কাজের জন্য যেমন দরকার ভারি ইকুইপমেন্ট, ফায়ার সার্ভিসের সব ধরনের সাপোর্ট, মেডিকেল সার্ভিসেস, ভলান্টিয়ারদের ভূমিকা, স্থানীয় সরকার ও সিটি কর্পোরেশনের দায়িত্ব, ওয়াসা-ডেসার মতো সব ধরনের প্রতিষ্ঠানের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত উদ্ধারকারী দল, ঢাকায় রয়েছে তার অনুপস্থিতি। যদিও মেয়রকে প্রধান করে নগর দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা কমিটি করা হয়েছে; কিন্তু সেই কমিটি এ পর্যন্ত কী কী কার্যকর পদক্ষেপ নিয়েছে তা জানার সুযোগ হয়নি ঢাকাবাসীর।


নগরবাসীর অন্যতম একটি বড় ঝুঁকি হচ্ছে জরুরি দুর্যোগ ঝুঁকি মোকাবেলা ও নিরসনের ক্ষেত্রে সম্যক ও বাস্তব জ্ঞানের অভাব, যা দূর করার জন্য প্রয়োজন ব্যাপক প্রচার, সচেতনতামূলক সেমিনার, সিম্পোজিয়াম, ওয়ার্কশপ, উঠোন বৈঠক এবং মকড্রিল বা ডেমোনেস্ট্রেশন। এছাড়া এলাকাভিত্তিক জরুরি দুর্যোগ মোকাবেলা করার জন্য দরকার পর্যাপ্ত স্পেসসহ ইমার্জেন্সি রেসকিউ টিম, যারা র‌্যাব বা মোবাইল পুলিশ টিমের মতো বিভিন্ন এলাকা টহল দেবে।


Tuesday, April 20, 2021

Exercises on right form of verbs for HSC

 

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context.

 

  1. If all the children of Bangladesh (a) — (go) to school, the country (b) — (get) rid of the curse of illiteracy. To boost up education, the government (c) — (spend) more money. Subsidies must (d) — (give) in the education sector. Teachers (e) — (need) to (f) — (train) for good teaching. The poor students can (g) — (bring) under “Food for Education” programme. We (h) — (take) care that no institution (i) — (close) down due to political clashes. All concerned (j) — (be) conscious about it. [Dhaka Board; Dinajpur Board; Jashore Board; Sylhet Board-2018]
  2. Trees contribute a lot to maintain ecological balance. A month-long tree fair (a) — (begin) in Kurigram stadium recently. It (b) — (organize) by the local administration and the Department of Social Forestation. The fair (c) — (inaugurate) yesterday by the DC of Kurigram. It was also addressed by other speakers who (d) — (emphasize) the need for planting more trees. The chief guest in his speech (e) — (put) importance on planting trees so that we (f) — (save) our environment from other effects of climate change and natural disasters. A huge procession (g) — (parade) through the streets of the town after the inaugural session. Various government and nongovernment organizations (h) — (set) up stalls displaying saplings of different varieties. Cultural functions (i) — (arrange) every night (j) — (inspire) people to plant trees. [Rajshahi Board; Cumilla Board; Chattogram Board; Barishal Board-2018]
  3. English (a) — (be) the most widely used international language. It (b) — (learn) to communicate with the foreigners for various purposes such as (c) — (maintain) co-operation, co-existence and exchanging business information. There are also certain jobs which (d) — (require) a good functional knowledge of English. The jobs of a pilot, a postman, a telephone operator, a tour guide, a mechanic, a receptionist of an international hotel, an executive of a multinational firm, etc. (e) — (be) a few of them. Besides, a student (f) — (wish) to go for higher studies must learn English because the books on advanced education are mostly (g) — (write) in English. So, the importance and demand of learning English in our country can, in no way, be (h) — (ignore). Rather, we should (i) — (put) high importance on (j) — (learn) English to make room for ourselves in the competitive world. [Cumilla Board-2017]
  4. Air (a) — (be) an important element of the environment. But it is constantly being (b) — (pollute) in many ways. We make fire to cook food and (c) — (do) many works. This fire emits smoke which (d) — (contaminate) air. Vehicles pollute air to a great extent by (e) — (burn) fuel. Air pollution also (f) — (happen) when coal and oil (g) — (burn). Mills and factories can be (h) — (hold) responsible for this pollution. It is high time we (i) — (check) air pollution. Otherwise, we (j) — (suffer) a lot. [Barishal Board-2017]
  5. Idle brain is devil’s workshop. If we (a) — (waste) our time in idleness, all sorts of evil thoughts will crowd in our brain. Idle persons who (b) — (kill) their time are burdens of society. They (c) — (sit) idle and cherish no high ideal and lofty ambition in life. They (d) — (not support) themselves. They (e) — (lead) an unhappy life and (f) — (suffer) in the long run. There should be time for reading, for office or other work, time for physical exercise, time for recreation and time for prayer. This (g) — (indicate) that we should do everything at the right moment. We (h) — (lead) a healthy and prosperous life only when we (i) — (follow) the routine which we (j) — (make) for our guidance. [Jashore Board-2016]
  6. The Liberation War of Bangladesh inspired many artists, singers and cultural activists. Eminent artiste Shaheen Samad (a) — (join) Bangladesh Mukti Sangrami Shilpi Sangstha during the Liberation War. She along with others (b) — (inspire) millions with her voice (c) — (raise) funds for the refugee camps. The.cultural troupe used to (d) — (travel) to refugee camps and different areas in Mukta’ Anchal. They (e) — (perform) patriotic songs and arranged puppet shows, besides, (f) — (stage) dramas. Shaheen Samad said, “Liberation War always (g) — (be) an inspiration for me.” She sang a lot of songs during that time and now (h) — (feel) honoured to have been able to inspire the freedom fighters. She has the memorable harmonium with which she sang in 1971. Now she (i) — (wish) to hand it over to Liberation War Museum. This eminent artiste wants live performance of those moving songs on TV channel, at least one song in a week and thus (j) — (cover) all the year round. [Chattogram Board-2017]
  7. To err is human. If a man commits crime anytime and repents truly for his misdeed, he may (a) — (forgive). But the man who (b) — (not, give up) the wrong, (c) — (suffer) surely. In the long run, he (d) — (will take) to the land of death. The old sailor (e) — (be) a wrong-doer in his long journey. He committed a crime (f) — (kill) a sea bird (g) — (call) AlbatrossThat crime ultimately (h) — (bring) bad luck to them. The ship (i) — (leave) in the icy sea. The sun shone over their head. The wind (j) — (drop) down. It was a great disaster. [Chattogram Board-2016]
  8. Road mishap (a) — (happen) in our country almost every day. Recently it (b) — (rise) to an alarming rate (c) — (take) a heavy toll of human lives. The members of a family remain anxious if someone (d) — (travel) in a bus. In most cases, reckless driving (e) — (cause) road accidents. The drivers are in the habit of (f) — (violate) traffic rules. Road accidents can be (g) — (lessen) if the drivers drive their vehicles carefully. People should be conscious in this respect. While (h) — (cross) the road, they should be careful. Some people travel (i) — (climb) on the roof of the buses and trains. Traffic rules must be maintained strictly with a view to (j) — (control) road accidents. [Dhaka Board-2017]
  9. Jerry is an orphan. He (a) — (come) to the orphanage at the age of four. He (b) — (lose) his parents in his infancy. Then, he (c) — (commit) to the care of the orphanage. He could hardly (d) — (recollect) his parents’ memory. In spite of (e) — (be) an orphan, he had developed a strong fabric of morality. His inimitable morality (f) — (draw) him close to the writer. The writer (g) — (impress) with him. She started (h) — (show) affection for him. Jerry (i) — (take) her for his mother. He fabricated a lie (j) — (win) her heart. [Sylhet Board-2017]
  10. Many events of great importance (a) — (take) place during the last century. Significant advances (b) — (make) in the field of science and technology. Many European colonies (c) — (gain) independence. The movement for democracy (d) — (become) prominent in many parts of the world. Two World Wars (e) — (break) out in this century. It also (f) — (witness) the misuse of atomic energy. Two cities of Japan were completely (g) — (destroy) as a result of the dropping of atom bombs. However, the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation (h) — (be) a momentous event. After a bloody war of nine months Bangladesh (i) — (bear). Now we (i) — (hold) our heads high in the community of nations. [Dinajpur Board-2016]
  11. There are many people who (a) — (not take) physical exercise. They can hardly (b) — (realize) that they themselves (c) — (ruin) their health. They (d) — (fall) victim to many diseases. Life (e) — (become) dull to them. They (f) — (remain) always ill tempered. We (g) — (build) good health and sound mind through physical exercise. Physical exercise (h) — (make) our body active and the muscles strong. It also (i) — (improve) our power of digestion and blood circulation. It (j) — (give) strength to our brain. [Barishal Board-2016]
  12. It has been over three hundred years since emperor Shah Jahan of Delhi (a) — (build) the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife in Agra. Architecturally, it (b) — (be) one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The building (c) — (make) of fine white marble with inlays of coloured marble. It (d) — (have) eight sides and many open arches. It (e) — (rest) on a platform of terrace of red sandstone. Four slender white towers (f) — (rise) from the corners of the terrace. A large dome (g) — (stand) above the centre of the building. Around this large dome there (h) — (be) four smaller domes. Just inside the outer walls, there is an open corridor from which the visitors (i) — (look) through carved marble screens into a central room. The bodies of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz (j) — (lie) in two graves below this room. [Rajshahi Board-2017]
  13. Most of the people who (a) — (appear) most often and most gloriously in the pages of history (b) — (be) great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really (c) — (help) civilization forward are often never (d) — (mention) at all. We do not know who first (e) — (set) a broken leg, or launched a sea worthy boat or (f) — (calculate) the length of a year, but we (g) — (know) all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in great cities of the world you (h) — (find) figures of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think that most people (i) — (believe) that the greatest countries are those that (j) —(beat) in the battle the greatest number of countries and ruled over them as conquerors. [Jashore Board-2017]
  14. In the last autumn vacation I (a) — (get) sufficient time. So I (b) — (make) up my mind to make a journey by an rom Dhaka to Chattogram. I (c) — (reach) the station about half an hour before the departure of the train. It (d) — (be) then a very busy time. Rickshaw, motorcars and other vehicles (e) — (come) to the station with passengers. Coolies (f) — (run) behind them. There (g) — (be) shouts and rush of the passengers and the coolies. After some time hearing a whistle, the passengers (h) — (stand) in a queue before the ticket counter. I also (i) — (stand) in the line and (j) — (buy) a second class ticket. [Dinajpur Board-2017]
  15. Parents (a) — (be) blessings of God to us. When a child (b) — (bear), their joys (c) — (know) no bounds. They (d) — (start) (e) — (think) of (f) — (nurse) and (g) — (bring) up their children. They (h) — (remain) safe under the custody of their parents since birth. Parents never mind (i) — (take) pains for the upbringing of their off-spring. We (j) — never (offend) our parents. [Cumilla Board-2016]
  16. Football is a favourite game in our country. It (a) — (arrange) between two teams (b) — (contain) eleven players each. The captains of both teams (c) — (lead) their groups. This is the most exciting and enjoyable game ever (d) — (play) across the world. It (e) — (run) for an hour and a half with an interval after half of the time (f) — (be) over. Any football tournament (g) — (arrange) between two strong teams can be exciting. The result (h) — (remain) almost unpredictable till the end because any team might win the other team (i) — (score) a goal within seconds. The referee is to see whether rules and order (j) — (maintain) by the players. [Dhaka Board-2016]
  17. Once there (a) — (live) an idle king. He (b) — (not undergo) physical labour. As a result, he (c) — (get) bulky and could not move from one place to another. He (d) — (call) in a doctor The doctor (e) — (be) clever and wise. He did not (f) — (prescribe) any medicine for the king He asked the king to buy a club and (g) — (move) it in the air till his hands (h) — (get) moistened. The king started (i) — (follow) the prescription. Thus, the king (j) — (relieve) of his problem. [Rajshahi Board-2016]
  18. One night the entire village was sleeping. The boy Bayazid Bustami was busy in study. His mother (a) — (sleep). Suddenly she woke up and (b) — (feel) thirsty. (c) — (call) her son, she told her son to give her a glass of water and (d) — (fall) asleep again. So, he went out with the pitcher in search of water. After a while he (f) — (come) back home with water and found his mother (g) — (sleep). Then he waited (h) — (stand) by her bed with a glass of water. He did not make any sound lest she (i) —(wake) up. Suddenly his mother woke up and saw him with the glass of water. At once she (j) —(understand) what was the matter. [Sylhet Board-2016]
  19. A freedom fighter is (a) — (honour) in all lands and in all times, because he (b) — (fight) for a noble cause which is the freedom of the motherland. Freedom is the birthright of man, but sometimes this right (c) — (deny) to a nation by foreign rulers. As a result, armed conflict (d) — (take) place between the freedom-loving people and the occupation forces. Sometimes the war (e) — (continue) for years and if the people (f) — (unite) and (g) — (determine), then the freedom fighters (h) — (win). Our country achieved independence against the Pakistan occupation forces in 1971. In this great war the Bengali members of the armed forces, the students and the people from all walks of life took part. They (i) — (fight) for long nine months and (j) — (defeat) the well-trained Pakistani force.
  20. The first peace movement (a) — (to appear) in 1815-1816. The first such movement in the United States was the New York Peace Society (b) — (to found) in 1815 by the theologian David Law Dodge, and the Massachusetts Peace Society. It became an active organization, (c) — (to hold) regular weekly meetings, and (d) — (to produce) literature which (e) — (to spread) as far as Gibraltar and Malta, describing the horrors of war and (f) — (to advocate) pacifism on Christian grounds. The London Peace Society (g) — (to form) in 1816 to promote permanent and universal peace by the philanthropist William Allen. In the 1840s, British women (h) — (to form) Olive Leaf Circles’ groups of around 15 to 20 women, to discuss and promote pacifist ideas. The Peace Movement began (i) — (to grow) in influence by the mid-nineteenth century. The London Peace Society (j) — (to convene) the First International Peace Congress in London in 1843.
  21. Parents and children (a) — (constitute) a family. They (b) — (connect) with one another by blood, love and affection. The children (c) — (live) through the days of infancy without the loving care of their parents. It is the parents who (d) — (bring) them up, nourish them, nurse them in sickness, give their proper educational help to get (e) — (settle) in life. Parents have to (f) — (discharge) their duties so that children (g) — (can) prosper. But children have certain duties to (h) — (perform) by them for (i) — (attain) prosperity. They must (j) — (obey) their parents.
  22. Time is compared to a gypsy who (a) — (stay) anywhere for long. The poet (b) — (welcome) time to be his guest for a day. He (c) — (offer) time many valuable gifts and honor. He offers bells (d) — (make) of the best silver for his horse and a golden ring for himself. He will (e) — (arrange) a peacock dance in honor of time. But time is a thing that never stays. The greatest tragedy is that it never (f) — (come) back. It never (g) — (wait). Man has been able to (h) — (conquer) the world but he (i) — (chain) the time. He (j) — (be) nothing but the puppet to the power of time.
  23. Today women are (a) — (play) important roles in all spheres of life. They are no longer (b) — (confine) within the four walls of their parents or their husbands’ house. They have come out of their kitchens and (c) — (work) hand in hand with men in all the development programmes of the government. By (d) — (receive) higher education, they are (e) — (become) pilots, doctors engineers teachers, administrators, etc. Their worth (f) — (have) already (g) — (prove) by them. They are (h) — (contribute) much to the economy of the country. Now, it has come to the realization of the men that true development of the country (i) — (be) never possible (j) — (keep) half of the population idle.
  24. Nobel Prizes (a) — (award) every year for outstanding achievements in the fields of science, literature and for (b) — (promote) world peace. Under this prize, the prize winner (c) — (get) à gold medal, a certificate and a large sum of money. This prize (d) — (give) to persons with most outstanding contributions in six fields, namely, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Physiology on Medicine, Peace and Economics. Economics (e) — (add) in the list in 1969 for the first time. One prize is awarded in each field. If there are more than one recipient of the prize in one field, the prize money is equally (f) — (distribute) amongst all the winners. The prize was (g) — (institute) by a man who (h) — (be) the inventor of the science of destruction. This scientist was Alfred Nobel. He (i) — (bear) in Stockholm on 21 October 1833 and (j) — (die) on the 10th December 1896.
  25. It was twenty years ago and I (a) — (live) in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin quarters (b) — (overlook) a cemetery, and I (c) — (earn) barely enough money (d) — (keep) body and soul together. She had read a book of mine and (é) — (write) to me about it. I answered (f) — (thank) her, and presently I (g) — (receive) from her another letter (h) — (say) that she (i) — (pass) through Paris and (j) — (like) to have a chat with me.
  26. Man (a) — (be) the architect of his own fate. If he (b) — (make) the proper use of time and (c) — (do) his duties accordingly, he (d) — (prosper) in life. But if he does otherwise, he (e) — (drag) a miserable existence. In youth, the mind is pliable and can (f) — (mould) in any form we like. If we (g) — (lose) the morning hours of life, we (h) — (repent) afterwards. It (i) — (call) the seed-time of life. If we fail to sow good seeds, we (j) — (not get) good harvest.
  27. Patriotism is a very noble virtue. It (a) — (inspire) a man to do everything just and fair for the well-being and betterment of the country. It (b) — (be) the quality that impels a man to sacrifice his own interest, comfort, pleasure and even his life for the sake of his country. Patriotic zeal (c) — (make) a man dutiful, energetic and enthusiastic. He (d) — (obey) the laws, pays taxes and (e) — (think) for the country. Patriotism (f) — (teach) a man fellow-feeling, fraternity and love and sympathy for the countrymen. A patriot is also (g) — (praise) and (h) — (honour) by his countrymen. An unpatriotic man, on the other hand, is an ignoble person. He is self-centred. He (i) — (engage) all his time in achieving his mean end. He (j) — (cause) harm to the country by his unyielding and reckless activities.
  28. Computer (a) — (bring) about a revolutionary change in the world. But it was not (b) — (invent) overnight. It (c) — (take) a long time to invent computer. Many votaries of science (d) — (work) hard for years and finally (e) — (come) out successful. At present, almost every work (f) — (depend) on computer. The countries of the world are (g) — (get) closer because of computer. In our country, people have started (h) — (use) computer. But it is very costly and all people cannot afford to (i) — (buy) a computer. Besides, all people are not capable of (j) — (operate) computer.
  29. According to Newman, education (a) — (give) a man a clear conscious view of his own opinion and judgements, a truth in (b) — (develop) them, an eloquence in (c) — (express) them and a force in (d) — (use) them. So, it is often (e) — (compare) to light which (f) — (remove) the darkness of ignorance and helps us (g) — (distinguish) between right and wrong. Julius Nayarere, the ex-president of Tanzania, (h) — (say) at an international conference that the primary purpose of education (i) — (be) the liberation of man from the restriction of habits and attitudes which (j) — (limit) his humanity.It is popularly (a) — (believe) and (b) — (appreciate) that no nation can think of its development without (c) — (involve) women in development process. Women of our country (d) — (constitute) the 50% of the total population. So there is no denying that they (e) — (play) a significant role in the development of the country. Just a few years ago, women (f) — (be) not allowed to come outside and (g) — (participate) in the economic affairs. Society could only (h) — (allow) them in the role of a primary level teacher and a nurse. Now, educated women have (i) — (prove) their ability as well as talent. Illiterate women are also (j) — (make) their contribution to the development of the country.
  30. Friendship (a) — (be) a divine thing. A kind of heartiest relationship (b) — (develop) between human beings. It is a blessing for us. It (c) — (bring) happiness, peace and harmony among us. It (d) —  (initiate) helpfulness, gratitude and peaceful atmosphere to our life. It can (e) — (ensure) in many ways. When a person (f) — (become) intimate with another person, he (g) — (help) him in his need. Thus a good friendship (h) — (form). A pure relationship (i) — (show) a pure friendship between two persons. Nowadays, true friendship rarely (j) — (find).
  31. You can’t take a good book as if it (a) — (be) medicine. It is rude to the book and very silly from our own point of view. By approaching it is that way, you make sure of loosing anything it (b) — (give) you. You (c) — (meet) it as a friend and actively like it if any good is to pass between you. A reason why people at school read books (d) — (be) to please their teacher. The teacher (e) — (say) that this, that or the other is a good book and that it is a sign of good taste to enjoy it. So a number of boys and girls who (f) — (be) anxious to please their teacher, get the book and read it. Two or three of them (g) — (like) it genuinely for its own sake. They also become grateful to the teacher for (h) — (put) it in their way. But many (i) — (like) it honestly or will persuade themselves that they like it. And that (j) — (do) a great ideal of harm to them.
  32. My 17th birthday ceremony (a) — (hold) yesterday. On the occasion, the whole house (b) — (decorate) very nicely. All the rooms (c) — (clean). A dining table (d) — (set) in the middle of the dining room. Various delicious items of food (e) — (cook) by my mother. An order (f) — (give) for a birthday cake. The guests who (g) — (invite) started to come. They (h) — (welcome) by my parents. They (i) — (tell) to sit in the drawing room. The cake (j) — (bring) in time.
  33. Last week, we (a) — (go) to Bagerhat with my friend and (b) — (have) the opportunity to see the Shatgombuj Mosque’ which (c) — (be) one of the most famous architectural beauties of Bangladesh. The mosque (d) — (build) by Khan Jahan Ali in 1440. It (e) — (stand) on sixty pillars with its seventy-seven domes and not ‘shat’ or sixty as the name (f) — (suggest). Its walls (g) — (be) two metres thick and the interior Western wall (h) — (decorate) with terracotta flowers and foliage. There (i) — (be) also a ‘dighi’ by the side of the mosque. It (j) — (say) that a horse was made to run before digging the ‘dighi’.
  34. Since people (a) — (not, prevent) earthquake from (b) — (occur), policies, guidelines and plans must (c) — (develop) in such a way that it (d) — (ensure) the most effective response to the natural disasters. Earthquakes (e) — (threaten) as they (f) — (strike) with little to no warning. Adequate precautions can be taken (g) — (minimized) losses. Earthquake resistant building code (h) — (develop) that should (i) — (follow) and it (j) — (be) mandatory.
  35. It is high time we (a) — (use) our brain about the curse of dowry. The issues of dowry (b) — (have) be considered in view of country’s socio-economic, cultural, political circumstances. United efforts (c) — (require) to put an end to violence against women. A specific framework must be (d) — (draw) up to be (e) — (implement). Anyway, we can hope that dowry (f) — (come) to an end in the time to come. We dare to (g) — (hope) so because our girls are being (h) — (educate) day by day. Parents’ mentality (i) — (change) gradually. People (j) — (be) more conscious.
  36. Nature has (a) — (give) her wealth to us more generously than to many other countries of the world. Our land (b) — (be) soft and fertile. Our farmers who (c) — (to have) only simple handmade tools, can easily dig and (d) — (plough) the soil with them. Whereas, the soil which (e) — (be) hard and rocky cannot be so easily (f) — (dig) and prepared. We have a great natural advantage too. We can (g) — (cultivate) most of our land. Many countries in the world cannot. They have big mountains, many big cities, deserts and waters which have (h) — (occupy) much of their cultivable land. But we do not have them. Furthermore, ours (i) — (be) a tropical country. As a result, our soil (j) — (get) enough sun, air and water which make it grow better crops.
  37. If all the children in Bangladesh (a) — (go) to school, the country (b) — (get) rid of the curse of illiteracy. To boost up education, the government (c) — (spend) more money. Subsidies must (d) — (give) in the education sector. Teachers (e) — (need) to (f) — (train) for good teaching, The poor students can (g) — (bring) under “Food for Education” programme. We (h) — (take) care that no institution (i) — (close) down due to political clashes. More co-curricular activities are to (j) — (organize) to enable the students to develop their non-academic skills like debate, creative thinking and cultural events, etc.
  38. A mother (a) — (exercise) an undeniable influences in (b) — (mould) the character of her children. The things that they learn at home (c) — (take) a firm root in them. And it (d) — (go) without saying that this learning they (e) — (get) mostly from their mother as they live under her direct supervision and constant care. This is why a child (f) — (learn) the language first from its mother. The culture of the family also (g) — (influence) the children’s habits and manners. So, a mother should (h) — (teach) her children how to (i) — (form) the habit of good manners to (j) — (grow) up in a gentle environment.
  39. A good student always (a) — (learn) his lesson. Generally, he (b) — (sit) in the first bench. He normally (c) — (maintain) a daily life. Usually, he (d) — (avoid) bad company. Everyday he (e) — (take) part in games and sports. He hardly (f) — (remain) absent. He often (g) — (take) suggestions from his teachers. He (h) — (not, keep) late hours at night. He (i) — (get) up early in the morning and (j) — (say) his prayers.
  40. Man (a) — (to have) no escape from death. Sooner or later he (b) — (die). He (c) — (die) in many ways. Many die of diseases and many die by accident. Again some (d) — (die) from something excessive but those who die for the country (e) — (be) immortal. Many destructive weapons can (f) — (kill) man in a moment. Medicines (g) — (discover) to keep an almost dead body alive artificially. However it (h) — (be) a fruitless attempt if man (i) — (attempt) to (j) — (escape) from death.
Prepared by Noor E Alam

Thursday, April 15, 2021

Email


E-mail Writing

***************

★Suppose, you are a teacher, your locality has been seriously affected by a recent flood. Now, write an e-mail to the DC of your district for relief for the flood affected people.

-

From : noorbd@gmail.com

To : office@deputycommissionar.com

Sent : Thursday, April 15, 2021; 10:12am.

Subject : Request for granting relief for the flood affected people.

Dear Sir,

With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that our locality has been seriously affected by the recent flood. The flood affected people are living most pitiable lives for want of  food, drinking water and medicine. The misery of the flood affected people knows no bounds. In this situation, they are badly in need of some relief. I, therefore, hope that your honour would be kind enough to grant some relief for the people for this locality and oblige thereby.

Respectfully,

Noor E Alam

Assistant Teacher,


***********-****************

★Write an email to your pen friend ,Maloti about the natural beauty of Bangladesh.

-

From:

To: shepi@ gmail.com

Sub: the natural beauty of Bangladesh.

Dear Shepi,

I received your letter yesterday. In your letter, you wanted to know about the natural beauty of Bangladesh. I am giving a short description of it. Bangladesh is enriched with natural beauty. The longest sea beach of the world, the biggest mangrove forest, eye catching tea garden of sylhet, Maynamati, Bagerhat, Mohastangar of Bogra etc are famous tourist place in Bangladesh. But there are many other interesting/attractive/tourist places here which people know a little. Shusong Durgapur of Birishiri is one of the place.It is under Netrokona district.

No more today.

Your loving friend

Refat


******-----**************************

 write  an email too your friend about your aim in life.

-

From : arnon@gmail.com>

To : arif@gmail.com>

Sent : Sunday, 4 October, 2017; 5:00 p.m.

Subject : About my aim in life

Dear Asif,

Accept my cordial love at the very outset ofthe E-mail. Hope you are well. My aim in life is to be a doctor. My parents and teachers have given their consent to my choice. The village people in our country are very poor. Many people meet premature death for want ofproper treatment. Therefore, I have decided to serve the people ofmy village through this profession. I have been learning every single subject with great attention. It was my cherished desire from my boyhood to serve the nation. I will render free service to the poor villagers. I will set up a charitable dispensary and distribute medicines to the poor free of cost. I have also a plan to set up a hospital with fewbeds for serious cases. Pray for me so that I can reach my goal and serve the nation. No more today.

Yours ever

Arnob


********************************


**Write an email to your friend describing how you celebrated pahela Baishakh.


From : samir@yahoo.com

To : sajit@yahoo.com

Sent : Saturday, June 18; 2016

Subject: about celebration of pahela Baishakh.


My dear Sajit,

At the beginning of the letter, take my cordial love. Hope you are hale and hearty by the grace of Almighty Allah .I am also well by His grace. Recently we have celebrated Pahela Baishakh, the BanglaNew year’s day at our school premises in a befitting manner. The day is a symbol of our Banglaculture It is celebrated with traditional festivities all over the country As the day is a public holiday .On this day early in the morning people of all ages and religions assemble at a particular place wearing traditional dress and welcome the Bangla New year through songs and music. We, the students and the teachers also went to our campus wearing traditional dress and sang song in chorus welcoming the new year . Then artists sang folk song and bawool songs. After that we enjoyed batasha (cake of molasses ) and Khoi(parched rice)I ate panta- Illish with great pleasure I wore new clothes in the morning I went various places like public squares .It was a special day to be remembered for life That is all for today..

No more today . More when we shall meet each other . And write to me whenever you have time.


With love and good wishes.

Yours Ever

Samir


*****************************************************************

**write an email to your Friend about the Co-curricular Activities of your School


To: :raton@yahoo.com

From:sujon@yahoo.com

sent: friday,8 March 2016;11:20 am


Subject: about the Co-curricular Activities of my School

Dear Oishi,


Hope you are well. I am fine by the grace of almighty Allah. In your last email you wanted to know about the co-curricular activities of my school. Now I am giving a short description of it.


The school has a popularity for its co-curricular activities. The annual cultural program is celebrated every year. Inter-school games are held every year. Debating, computer programs, Kabadi, cricket, Football etc. is played regularlly. Our headmaster is fond of songs. Every Thursday he organizes the weekly singing competition. I think that you will be pleased to know about ours. I am eagerly waiting to hear from you.


No more today. With best wishes and love.


Yours ever

Sanji


***********************************

Write an e-mail to your father

telling him that you have done well

in your final examination.

-

From: abc@gmail.com

To: xyz@yahoo.com

Sent: Sunday, March 20, 2016;

6:00pm

Subject: To inform the result of

the final examination.

Dear Father,

At first take my salam. I received your email  yesterday.I could not manage time to reply you.You wanted to know my annual exam.result. The results of my final

examination have been published.

You will be glad to know that I

have stood first in the exam.

Best regards

Yours ever

Rafiqul

Comilla,Bangladesh 

*******************************

Write an e-mail to the railway booking

clerk asking him to reserve a seat for you.

-

From: ria@gmail.com

To:  sima@yahoo.com

Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2016; 6:00pm

Subject: For reservation of a seat.

Dear Sir,

Would you please reserve a first class seat

for me from Dhaka to Chittagong on

11May 2016 at 10:00 train.

Thanking you.

Yours faithfully

Rafiqul


**************************

**write a e-mail to your father on sending money for buying some important books.

-

To: :raton@yahoo.com

From:sujon@yahoo.com

sent: friday,8 March 2016;11:20 am

-

Subject:request for sending money

-

Dear father, 

How are you? At first take my salam.I hope all are fine at home. How is grandma's health?My new class will start within a few days. Father, I need  some money to buy  new books for my upcoming new class.These books are very important and I am not able to borrow them from anyone. Please send the money as soon as possible as I have to study for the new class..

Take care and give my love to mom ad grandma.

yours affectionate son/daughter

Sujon/sujana

**************************

**Write Letter To Friend Inviting Him To Join Picnic

To: :raton@yahoo.com

From:sujon@yahoo.com

sent: friday,8 March 2016;11:20 am


Subject:invitation to join a picnic.

Dear Raton

I hope this letter finds you in the best of health and spirits.

You will be happy to know that we are going to join a picnic on next Sunday. We will go to Agra to visit Taj Mahal. It is  well known historical place and one of the seven wonder of the world too.  We will start at 8.a.m from school. We will start by our school bus. One of our class teacher will accompany with us. We will spend the whole day there. We will eat, drink, and enjoy together. It will be a day of much pleasure for us. I invite you to join us. We will be very happy if you join us.

Awaiting your early reply.

Your loving friend

Sujon

********************

** write an email to your friend requesting him to lend you some books

-

To: :rahi@gmail.com

From:noorbd@gmail.com

sent: Thursday, 15 April, 2021, 11:20 am

-

Subject: Request for lending some books

-

My Dear Rahi,

I received your letter yesterday. I wanted to come to you but did not find time. I have lost my English translation book. It is not available in bazar now-a-days but I need it very much because I have to do my homework. I know that you have its spare copy. I request you to lend me your book for a few days. I shall keep it carefully and return you in the same condition. I shall return it as early as possible. I hope you will send me the book soon. I shall be grateful to you for this act. Write soon.

With regards to all.

Yours sincerely,

Noor E Alam

Uses of -ing form as modifiers

 


Uses of -ing form



✴️We can use -ing forms (e.g. drinking, singing, smoking, running etc.) not only as verbs, but also like adjectives, adverbs or nouns.


1. You are drinking too much these days. (Here the -ing form is part of the present continuous verb.)


2. Barking dogs seldom bite. (Here the -ing form is used like an adjective. It modifies the noun dogs.)

3. She ran out of the room crying. (Here the -ing form is used like an adverb.)

4. Smoking is injurious to health. (Here the -ing form is used like a noun.)


✴️When -ing forms are used as verbs, adjectives or adverbs, they are called present participles. Note that a present participle can refer to the present, past or future.


✴️When -ing forms are used like nouns, they are called gerunds.


Exercises


Point out the present participles and gerunds in the following sentences.


1. He has ruined his lungs by smoking.

2. Asking questions is easier than answering them.

3. We saw a clown standing on his head.

4. He hates spending money.

5. Waving their hands, the spectators cheered the runners.

6. We are fighting a losing battle.

7. It is freezing cold.

8. We are confident of winning the election.

9. The boy cried thinking that he would be whipped.

10. Can you teach me painting?


Answers


1. Smoking – Gerund (object of the preposition by)

2. Asking – Gerund (subject of the verb is)

3. Standing – participle (used like an adjective qualifying the noun clown)

4. Spending – gerund (object of the verb hates)

5. Waving – participle (used like an adjective qualifying the noun spectators)

6. Fighting – participle (used to form the present continuous verb)

7. Freezing – participle (used like an adverb qualifying the adjective cold)

8. Winning – gerund (object of the preposition of)

9. Thinking – Participle (used like an adverb qualifying the verb cried)

10. Painting – gerund (object of the verb teach)


🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🔻🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁

Wednesday, April 14, 2021

Modifier

 Modifier

Modifier: শাব্দিক অর্থে Modifier বলতে গুন প্রকাশকারী বা বিশেষণবাচক শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছকে বুঝায়| কিন্তু English Grammar Modifier  কোনো কিছু সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদানকারী শব্দ হিসেবে পরিচিত।Modifier- Noun এর পাশাপাশি অন্যান্য Word- কেও Modify করে|

Definition: যে word বা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পূর্বে অথবা পরে বসে এদেরকে Modify করে অর্থ্যাৎ এদের সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্যদান করে, তাকে Modifier বলে|


🔻  Phrase: (Phrase হচ্ছে group of words (শব্দগুচ্ছ যার কোন finite verb থাকে না| অন্যদিকে, Clause হচ্ছে এমন বাক্যাংশ যার Subject ও finite verb রয়েছে|)

The girl wearing a diamond necklace is very rich.


Sheikh Hasina  is a skilled orator (বক্তা).

The crow swiftly went to the jar.

We have to work hard to shine in life.

Determiner, Adjective, Adverb এবং Noun, Modifier এর কাজ করে|


Modifier দুই প্রকার : 1. Pre-modifier 2. Post-modifier


🔻  Pre-modifier: Pre অর্থ পূর্বে| অতএব, যে Modifier- Noun বা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পূর্বে বসে Modify করে, তাকে Pre-modifier বলে| উল্লেখ্য, Pre-modifier- Noun Phrase এর Head word এর পূর্বে এবং Determiner এর পর বসে|

Pakistan army swooped on armless Bangalee in 1971.

The sleeping puppy is so cute.


  

🔻Post-modifier: Post শব্দের অর্থ পবে| তাই যে Modifier-Noun বা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পরে বসে Modify করে,  তাকে Post Modifier বলে|

There is nothing abnormal in report.


Pre-modifiers

সাধারণত Noun, adjective, verb এবং adverb এর পূর্বে Pre-modifiers  ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Structure: Modifiers + noun/adjective/verb/adverb



●●●Modifier শিখুন সহজ উপায়ে, এবার English Grammar হবে আপনার কাছে সত্যিই সহজ।


HSC তে modifier নিয়ে সমস্যায় পরে নি এমন student খুজে পাওয়া কঠিন। আজকের এই পোস্ট যদি কেউ মনোযোগ দিয়ে & নোট করে পড়ে তাহলে modifier পানি হয়ে যাবে। ৬-৭ টা হবেই। vocabulary তে দক্ষ হলে আরও বেশি হবে। modifier এ যাওয়ার আগে একটু basic grammar নিয়ে আলোচনা করি তাহলে modifier বুঝতে সহজ হবে।

১) সাধারনত Adjective, Noun এর পূর্বে বসে। খাটি বাংলায় বলতে গেলে Adjective মানে পাম মারা, কাকে পাম মারা?? noun কে। অর্থ্যাৎ দোষ, গুন, সংখ্যা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করা।

example : Arony is a cute girl.

এখানো girl কে পাম মারতেছে cute, সুতরাং এখানে cute "Adjective."

২) সাধারনত Adverb, Noun এর পূর্বে ছাড়া বাকি সব জায়গায় বসতে পারে। অর্থ্যাৎ verb এর আগে, পরে, noun এর পরে, এমনকি Adverb এর পরও Adverb বসতে পারে। সহজ কথায় Noun এর পূর্বে ছাড়া বাকি সব জায়গায়।

example : She laughs loudly.

এখানে "laughs" verb এর পর "loudly" Adverb বসে verb কে জোর দিচ্ছে মানে modify করছে।

★Modifier কী???


যে word বা phrase(শব্দগুচ্ছ) কোন noun বা verb এর আগে পরে বসে ঐ noun বা verb কে modify করে

অর্থ্যাৎ, ঐ noun বা verb সম্পর্কে তথ্য প্রদান করে তাকে modifier বলে।

****Specific uses of Modifier:

★ Pre modify the noun : pre অর্থ পূর্বে। noun এর পূর্বে কী বসে?? উপরে বলছিলাম মনে আছে?? Adjective বসে। তাই pre modify the noun থাকলে Adjective হবে।

example : Rakib was a...........( pre modify the noun) poet.

এখানে adjective বসবে মানে পাম মারতে হবে, মানে। famous/ noble হবে।

★pre modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: উপরে কি বলছিলাম মনে আছে??? Noun এর পূর্বে ছাড়া বাকি সব জায়গায় Adverb বসে। তাই pre modify the

Adjective/Verb/Adverb থাকলে Adverb হবে।

example : She..........(pre modifythe verb) got idea.

এখানে Adverb হবে, অর্থ্যাৎ verb কে জোর দিতে modify করতে হবে। suddenly /quickly হবে।

★post modify the Adjective/Verb/Adverb: post

অর্থ পরে। আগের মতোই noun এর পূর্বে ছাড়া বাকি সব জায়গায়Adverb বসে।

example : Abid can write......( post modify the verb)

আগের মতোই Adverb হবে, verb কে modify করবে। তাই quickly /beautifully হবে।

নোট করে নিতে পারো: 

**pre modify the noun→ Adjective.

**pre modify the adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

**post modify the Adjective/verb/Adverb→ Adverb.

*****pre modify the noun with...............

★possessive → my, him, her, their, our,its (sentence এর subject টি pronoun এর যে ফর্ম এ থাকবে sentence এর possessive adjective টি একই ফর্ম এ হবে) কি বুঝ নাই?? example দিলে ক্লিয়ার হবে।

example: You can not complete........(pre modify the noun with possessive) studies.

এখানে sentence এর subject You. You এর possessive ফর্ম your. তাই your হবে।

★Gerund→ (verb+ing)

★Infinitive→ (To + V1)

★present participle→( verb+ ing)

★past participle→V3

★ Demostrative →this,that( singular noun এর পূর্বে) these, those(plural noun এর পূর্বে)

example: She found..........(use a demostrative

to pre modify the noun) jug too heavy.

এখানে যেহুতু jug singular তাই this হবে।

★phrase → A group of word that contains no verb

★Appositive→ A group of word that must reflect the Noun/pronoun

★Intensifier→very

★Quantifier→some,few,many( countable noun)

some, much,little( uncountable noun)

example :they have................ (use quantifier pre modify the noun) money.

এখানে money uncountable noun তাই much হবে।


✴️Pre-modifier-এর উদাহরণসহ ব্যবহার দেখানো হলোঃ

1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: এক্ষেত্রে noun বা noun phrase-এর পূর্বে একটি adjective বসে উক্ত noun-কে modify করে। Adjective-এর এ ধরনের ব্যবহারকে attributive use বলা হয়। যেমন-


(a) Mim gave him a nice pen.

(b) It was an attractive football-match.


  2. Noun as Pre-modifier:

অনেক ক্ষেত্রে noun-ও noun-কে modify করে। যখন দুটি noun পাশাপাশি বসে, তখন প্রথম noun-টি দ্বিতীয় noun-টিকে modify করে। ফলে, এক্ষেত্রে প্রথম noun-টি noun হয়েও adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) Faisal went to a book fair.

(b) I have bought a book about science fiction.

(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.


  3.Demonostratives as Pre-modifier:

Noun এর পূর্বে বসে Demonostrative Pronoun গুলো  Pre-modifier এর কাজ করে ।

a) This book is mine.


  ** Participle as Pre-modifier:

আমরা জানি, participle সর্বদা adjective কিংবা adverb-এর কাজ করে থাকে। Participle তিন প্রকার যা pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। এগুলো নিম্নরূপঃ


4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:

  এটি verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই present participle-টি noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) He saw a running bus

(b) A barking dog seldom bites.

(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.


  5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:

এটি verb-এর past participle form দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই past participle-টি noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) It was a written document.

(b) He has bought some rotten fishes.

(c) The signed letter was not sent.


  6.Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:

এটি having + verb-এর past participle form + অন্যান্য শব্দ দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই perfect participle phrase-টি কোন clause-এর পূর্বে বসে উক্ত clause-টিকে modify করে অর্থাত্ এটি adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.

(b) Having taken her meal, Naomi went to college.

(c) Having married, Nishat went abroad with her husband.


  7. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner দ্বারা noun-কে নির্দেশ করা হয়। সাধারণত article (a, an, the) এবং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) গুলো determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) Mitu purchased a mobile.

(b) The Jamuna is a big river.

(c) She bought that pen yesterday.

(d) Those players were playing in the field.


  8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: Quantifier হলো noun-এর পরিমান (quantity) নির্দেশক শব্দ। Singular non-countable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে এবং plural countable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন-


(a) She bought ten books from the book fair.

(b) I don’t spend much money unnecessarily.

(c) Many students attended the seminar.

(d) Salman F. Rahman has a lot of money.


  9. Compound as Pre-modifier: দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দযোগে compound গঠিত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known ইত্যাদি প্রচলিত কতগুলো compound. যেমন-


(a) Nibir has purchased a brand-new car.

(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.

(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.

(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.


  10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive হলো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim’s, Shamima’s ইত্যাদি যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) Her brother is an MBBS.

(b) I have already got your idea.

(c) Everybody knows its price.


  11. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb হলো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then ইত্যাদি যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। তবে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there ইত্যাদি adverb কোন verb, adjective, adverb কিংবা পুরো sentence-এর পূর্বে বসে adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) The then Principal signed this letter.

(b) The down train will go there.

(c) The above passage is very difficult.

(d) This is the very man you like to meet.

(e) The last man has already left the place.

(f) That question was very important.

(g) The lady walks extremely slowly.

(h) It is a quickly increasing market.

(i) Instantly he left the place.

(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.


  B. Post-modifier: যে modifier সাধারণত কোন noun বা noun phrase-এর পরে বসে তাকে post-modifier বলে। যেমনঃ Keya has bought a book written by Nazrul. এখানে written by Nazrul এই past participle phrase-টি book-কে modify করেছে; ফলে written by Nazrul হলো post-modifier.


বিভিন্ন ধরনের Post-modifiers:

নিম্নে বিভিন্ন ধরনের post-modifier-এর উদাহরণসহ ব্যবহার দেখানো হলোঃ


1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier: এক্ষেত্রে noun বা noun phrase-এর পরে একটি adjective / adjective phrase বসে উক্ত noun-কে modify করে। যেমন-


(a) We made the room decorative.

(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.

(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.


2. Appositive as Post-modifier: যখন দুটি noun বা noun phrase পাশাপাশি বসে একই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণিকে বুঝায় তখন দ্বিতীয় noun/noun phrase-টিকে প্রথম noun/noun phrase-টির appositive বা case in apposition বলা হয়। উল্লেখ্য যে, এক্ষেত্রে দ্বিতীয় noun/noun phrase-টি প্রথম noun/noun phrase সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.

(b) Mr. Rohan, the General Manager, is attending the party today.

(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.

3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase সর্বদা adjective কিংবা adverb-এর কাজ করে থাকে। Participle/Participle phrase তিন প্রকার যা pre-modifier-এর মতো post-modifier হিসেবেও কাজ করতে পারে। এগুলো নিম্নরূপঃ


  (i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে present participle গঠিত হয়। আবার, verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing + অন্যান্য শব্দ দিয়ে present participle phrase গঠিত হয়। এই present participle (phrase)-টি noun/pronoun-এর পরে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-


  (a) We found the boys playing.

  (b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.

  (c) He saw her going to market.

   Read the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces. 


  As his reputation (a)——( post-modify the noun) soared higher and higher, fate followed (b)——( post-modify the verb). Stephen (c)——( pre-modify the verb) started losing control over the muscles of his body (d)——( post-modify the verb). (e)———( pre-modify the verb), he has been confined to a wheel chair with no power (f)——( post-modify the noun). He can speak (g)——( post-modify the verb) with a voice synthesiser (h)——(post-modify the noun). But Stephen is still a (i)——( pre-modify the noun) worker, using his computer (j)——( post-modify the verb).


  Ans: a) as a great scientist b) with less rewarding things c) gradually d) as he gradually  became a victim of Gehrig’s disease  e) since the age of thirty f)to control his body g) only through a computer h) that converts his messages into sounds i) relentless j) to carry out research work.


  I experienced a very interesting incident

  (a)——( post-modify the verb) on my way to Sirajganj. My friend Rahi (b)——(post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road  it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Rahi had to change his course but he did not have (c)——-( pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Rahi tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked


  (d)——-( post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e)——( use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Rahi had to move in the right. He lost his control and bumped the car with a (f)——( use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g)——( use a participle to pre-modify the verb). Rahi was shocked but he was (h)—-( use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i)——-( use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He patted the (j)——-(pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.


  Ans: a) last week on my way to Sirajganj b)a famous athlete was driving c) enough d) slowly e) that f) jackfruit tree g) seeing the damage in his new car h)  very happy i) to save the cow j) naughty

Prepared by: Noor E Alam

University of Dhaka

বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ নূর মোহাম্মদ পাবলিক স্কুল অ্যান্ড কলেজ

Former teacher, BIT, Gulshan

& South Point School, English Version

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