Degree

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In fact, Grammar is just like the formulae of Mathematics!
Today's topic: Conversion of degree..

Conversion of degree (adjective এর রূপান্তর) is one of the significant topics of basic grammar. Degree is included in transformation of sentences/changing of sentences.

Comparison of Adjectives (Degree)

Degree কাকে বলে ও কত প্রকার?
Comparison of adjectives বা Degree বলতে adjective-এর বিভিন্ন রূপকে বোঝায়।

Comparison of adjectives or Degree refers to different forms of the adjective.

Classifications: There are three types of degree. They are as follows:

1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree

1. Positive Degree:
একটি sentence-এ noun বা pronoun-এর গুণ, দোষ, অবস্থা প্রভৃতি বোঝাতে adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে।

The form of an adjective which depicts a noun or pronoun’s quality, flaw or state is called Positive degree.

Example:

Suchi is a talented student.

2. Comparative Degree:

দুটি noun বা pronoun-এর গুণ, দোষ, অবস্থা প্রভৃতির তুলনা করতে adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।

The form of adjective which compares two nouns’ or pronouns’ quality, flaw or state is called Comparative degree.

Example:

Ayman is taller than Sadman.
Minu is uglier than Tina.

3. Superlative Degree:
Adjective-এর যে রূপটি অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা করতে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।

The form of an adjective which is used to compare among many is called Superlative Degree.

Example:

Rebeca is the prettiest girl in our class.

He is the worst boy in our village.

Change of Degrees:
Superlative Degree into Positive Degree:

Rules of changing Superlative Degree into Positive Degree

Rule 1:
No other+ sentence-এ প্রদত্ত Superlative-এর পরের অংশ+verb+so/as+ Superlative degree-এর positive form+ as+ প্রদত্ত sentence-এর subject.

No other+ the latter part of the given Superlative in the sentence+ verb+ so/as +a positive form of the Superlative degree+ as+ given sentence’s subject

Example:

Superlative: Saira is the tallest girl in the class.

Positive: No other girl is as tall as Saira.

Superlative: Shakib is the best player.

Positive: No other player is as good as Shakib.

Superlative:He is the worst boy.
Positive: No other boy is as bad as he.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Superlative Degree having one of the, all other, many other, most other, very few, few other, into Positive Degree:

Very few+ sentence-এ প্রদত্ত Superlative-এর পরের অংশ+ verb-এর plural form+ so/as+ Superlative degree-এর positive form+ as+ প্রদত্ত sentence-এর subject.

Very few+ the latter part of the given Superlative in the sentence+ verb’s plural form+ so/as+ a positive form of the Superlative degree+ as+ given sentence’s subject.

Superlative: Sohana is one of the best students in her class.
Positive: Very few students in Sohana's class are as good as she.

Superlative:Chattogram is one of the largest seaports in the world.
Positive:

Positive: Very few seaports in the world are as large as Chattogram.

Superlative: Adil is one of the fattest boys in the class.

Positive: Very few boys in the class  are as fat as Adil.

Comparative Degree into Positive Degree
Rule 1:
Rule of changing Comparative Degree having than any other/ all other, into Positive Degree:

No other+ any other/ all other-এর পরের অংশ+ verb+so/as+ Comparative degree-এর positive form+ as+ মূল sentence-এর subject.

No other+ the latter part of any other/ all other in the sentence+ verb+so/as+ a positive form of the Comparative degree+ given sentence’s subject.

Comparative: Mahi is better than any other student in the school.

Positive: No other student in the school is as good as Mahi

Comparative: Aruba is sweeter than all other singers in the program.

Positive: No other singer in the program is as sweet as Aruba.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Comparative Degree having than, into Positive Degree:

বাক্যে Than-এর পরের অংশ + verb+ not+ so/as+ Comparative degree-এর Positive রূপ+ as+ মূল sentence-এর subject.

The latter part of than in the sentence+ verb+ not+ so/as+ Comparative degree’s positive form+ as+ given sentence’s subject.

Comparative: Naomi is lovelier than Arisha

Positive: Arisha is not as lovely as Naomi.

Comparative: Lisa is taller than Raisa.

Positive: Raisa is not as tall as Lisa.

যখন দুটি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝায় এবং দুটি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু উল্লেখ থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে শুধু positive to comparative এবং cpararive to positive degreeতে covert করা যায়।  When a comparison is made between two individuals we do not normally use the superlative.

Rules: In case of negative sentence of positive degree, we should convert into affirmative to make it comparative and vice versa.

Example: Diamond is costlier than gold. (Make it positive)
= Gold is not as costly as diamond
He is more cunning than a fox. (Positive)
= A fox is not as cunning as he.

Rule 3:
Rule of changing Comparative Degree having than most other/ than few other, into Positive Degree:

Very few+ Sentence-এ most other/few other-এর পরের অংশ+verb-এর plural form+ so/as+ Comparative degree-এর Positive রূপ+ as+ মূল sentence-এর subject.

Very few+ The latter part of most other/few other in the sentence+ verb’s plural form+ so/as+ Comparative degree’s positive form+ as+ given sentence’s subject.

Comparative: Adil is more intelligent than most other students in the academy.

Positive: Very few students in the academy are as intelligent as Adil.

Rule 4:
Rule of changing Comparative Degree having No less/ not less, into Positive Degree:

No less/ not less উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থানে ‍as বসে এবং than উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থানে as বসে, বাক্যের বাকি সবকিছু অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

‘As’ is placed in the places of “No less/ not less” and “than”, other things remain unchanged in the sentence.

Comparative: Karim is no less active than Rahim.

Positive: Karim is as active as Rahim.

Comparative: Ria is not less slimer  than Dia.

Positive: Ria is as slim t as Dia.

Rule 5:
Rule of changing Comparative Degree having No sooner had…. than, into Positive Degree:

No sooner had উঠে গিয়ে as soon as+ subject+ verb-এর past form+ than-এর পূর্বের অংশ+ than উঠে গিয়ে কমা বসে+ বাক্যের বাকি অংশ।

As soon as is placed in the place of No sooner had+ subject+ verb’s past form+ former part of than+ a comma (,) is placed in the place of than+ rest of the sentence.

Comparative: No sooner had he listened to it than he started laughing.

Positive: As soon as he listened to it, he started laughing.

Superlative Degree into Comparative Degree
Rule 1:
Subject+ verb+ Superlative-এর Comparative রূপ+ than any other+ বাক্যের বাকি অংশ।

Subject+ verb+ Superlative degree’s Comparative form+ than any other+ rest of the sentence.

Superlative: She is the most active member of the group.

Comparative: She is more active than any other member/all other members of the group.

Note: যদি of all থাকে, of all-এর বদলে than all other বসে।

If there is “of all” than all other is placed in the place of “All of”.

Superlative: He is the most honest of all men.

Comparative: He is more honest than all other men.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Superlative Degree having one of the, into Comparative degree:

Subject+ verb+ Superlative-এর Comparative রূপ+ than most other+ বাক্যের বাকি অংশ।

Subject+ verb+ Superlative’s comparative form+ than most other+ rest of the sentence.

Superlative: Sohana is one of the most brilliant students in the class.

Comparative: Sohana is more brilliant than most other students in the class.

Positive Degree into Comparative Degree
Rule 1:
Rule of changing Positive Degree having no other, into Comparative degree:

মূল বাক্যের শেষের subject+ Positive degree-এর Comparative degree+ than any other+ No other-এর পর থেকে verb-আগে পর্যন্ত।

Main sentence’s subject situated at the last+ Positive degree’s Comparative form+ than any other+ latter part of “No other” up to the verb.

Positive: No other student in the class is as brilliant as him.

Comparative: He is more brilliant than any other student in the class.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Positive Degree having very few, into Comparative degree:

মূল বাক্যের শেষের subject+ verb + Positive degree-এর Comparative degree + than most other+ very few-এর পর থেকে verb-আগে পর্যন্ত।

Main sentence’s subject situated at the last+ verb+ Positive degree’s Comparative form+ than most other+ latter part of “Very few” up to the verb.

Positive: Very few men are as honest as Mr. Rahat.

Comparative: Mr. Rahat is more honest than most other men.

Rule 3:
Rule of changing Positive Degree having As….as, into Comparative degree:

মূল বাক্যের শেষের subject+ verb+ not+ Positive degree-এর Comparative degree+ than+ মূল বাক্যের প্রথম subject।

Main sentence’s subject situated at the last+ verb+ not+ Positive degree’s Comparative form+ than+ Main sentence’s first subject.

Positive: She is as honest as her sister.

Comparative: Her sister is not more honest than her.

Comparative Degree into Superlative Degree
Rule 1:
Subject+ verb+ the+ Comparative-এর Superlative রূপ+ বাক্যে other-এর পরের অংশ।

Subject+ verb+ the+ Comparative’s Superlative form+ latter part of other in the sentence.

Comparative: Kabbo is more curious than any other student in the class.

Superlative: Kabbo is the most curious student in the class.

Note: any other-এর পরিবর্তে of all থাকলে, Superlative-এর পরে of all বসে।

Comparative: He is more brilliant than of all students.

Superlative: He is the most brilliant of all students.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Comparative degree having than most other/ than few other, into Superlative degree:

Subject+ verb+ one of the+ Comparative-এর Superlative রূপ+ বাক্যে most other/few other-এর পরের অংশ।

Subject+ verb+ one of the+ Comparative’s Superlative form+ latter part of most other/ few other in the sentence.

Comparative: Abed is stronger than most other boys on the team.

Superlative: Abed is one of the strongest boys on the team.

Positive Degree into Superlative Degree
Rule 1:
Rule of changing Positive degree having no other, into Superlative degree:

মূল বাক্যের শেষের subject+ verb+ the+ Positive-এর Superlative রূপ+ no other-এর পের থেকে verb-এর মাঝের অংশ।

Main sentence’s subject situated at the last+ verb+ the+ Positive degree’s Superlative form+ the part of the sentence between No other and the verb.

Positive: No other student in the class is as wise as Adil.

Superlative: Adil is the wisest student in the class.

Rule 2:
Rule of changing Positive degree having very few, into Superlative degree:

মূল বাক্যের শেষের subject+ verb+ one of the+ Positive-এর Superlative রূপ+ very few -এর পের থেকে verb-এর মাঝের অংশ।

Main sentence’s subject situated at the last+ verb+ one of the+ Positive degree’s Superlative form+ the part of the sentence between Very few and the verb.

Positive: Very few students in the class are as brilliant as Sohana.

Superlative: Sohana is one of the most brilliant students in the class.

Prepared by: Noor E Alam Sir